The Nation Newspaper

Category: Law

  • RMAFC Act 2025: A transformative shift

    RMAFC Act 2025: A transformative shift

    By Nathaniel Adojutelegan

    The enactment of the Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission Act, 2025 (“the 2025 Act”) marks a transformative shift in Nigeria’s fiscal governance framework.

    By repealing the Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission Act, 2004 (“the 2004 Act”), the 2025 Act introduces crucial reforms aimed at enhancing the operational autonomy, enforcement capacity, and financial sustainability of the Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC).

    This paper critically examines the key provisions of the 2025 Act and discusses the potential impact on revenue-generating agencies in Nigeria.

    Introduction

    The Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC) is a constitutionally established body. The 2004 Act had long been criticised for limiting the commission’s effectiveness.

    The 2025 Act, signed into law on 2 April 2025, repeals and replaces the 2004 Act, offering a reformed legal framework that strengthens the commission’s constitutional mandate. This article explores the key provisions of the 2025 Act and analyses their practical and institutional implications.

    Institutional and Financial Autonomy: First-Line Charge Funding

    One of the most significant changes introduced by the 2025 Act is the shift in the commission’s funding structure. Section 14 establishes that the RMAFC’s funds shall now constitute a first-line charge on the Consolidated Revenue Fund of the Federation.

    This contrasts sharply with the 2004 Act, which relied on periodic appropriations by the Federal Government, often leading to underfunding. By guaranteeing direct access to funding, the 2025 Act reinforces the commission’s independence as stipulated in Section 7, which states that “the Commission shall be an independent and autonomous body.” This development is pivotal to ensuring operational stability and the depoliticisation of the Commission’s work.

    Expansion of funding sources

    The 2025 Act deals with the funds of the commission and how it should be maintained. Section 14(2) provides: “The commission shall also establish and maintain a Fund into which shall be paid: (a) all sums of money accruing to the Commission by way of grants-in-aid, gifts, endowments and contributions from any donor agency; (b) such money as may be granted to the Commission by the Federal, State or Local Government for the effective performance of its functions under this Act; and (c) all other money- that may accrue to the Commission including the disposal, lease, hire of or any other activities, such as sęminars, workshops or any dealing with any property vested in or acquired by the Commission.”

    Section 14(2) of the Act broadens the scope of permissible funding sources. These include grants-in-aid, gifts, endowments, and donations from donor agencies, as well as income derived from the Commission’s own activities, such as seminars, property rentals, and workshops. This provision promotes financial self-reliance and diversifies funding streams.

    Revenue allocation mandate

    The 2025 Act revises the Commission’s role in determining revenue allocation formulas. Under Section 6(1)(b), the Commission is empowered to “review the revenue allocation formulae and principles in operation to ensure conformity with changing realities,” and provides that any revenue formula determined by the Commission which, upon enactment by the National Assembly, shall remain effective for a minimum of five years.

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    This provision addresses the ambiguities of the 2004 Act, which merely empowered the Commission to “make recommendations and submit its findings by a report thereto to the government of the Federation or of the State, as the case may be, regarding the formula for the distribution of the Federation Accounts and the Local Government Account.”

    The new approach introduces a fixed duration for revenue allocation frameworks, providing predictability and policy continuity in fiscal management.

    Enhanced investigative powers: request for information

    Section 6(1)(e) significantly enhances the commission’s oversight capabilities by empowering it to demand and obtain information from not only government agencies but also private companies and individuals.

    The scope of permissible documentation has also been expanded to include “books” and “documents” in addition to information, data and returns.

    Crucially, these documents must relate to the “remittance of accruals into or disbursement of revenue from the Federation Account,” thereby clarifying the boundaries of oversight and ensuring targeted information requests.

    Monitoring receipts and returns

    Section 6(1)(f) further augments the Commission’s functions by granting it the power to monitor any receipt or return arising from:

    • Operations under any law,

    • Property held by the Federal Government,

    • Dividends or interest on government-held shares or loans.

    This provision ensures comprehensive tracking of public funds and state-owned investments, promoting transparency and accountability.

    Statutory membership in development commissions

    In a bid to strengthen regional monitoring, Section 6(2)(a)(vi) designates the RMAFC as a statutory member of all regional development commissions established by an Act of the National Assembly.

    This allows the Commission to oversee disbursements made to such entities from the Federation Account and to assess their impact on regional development.

    Budgetary accountability

    The 2025 Act imposes strict accountability obligations on the Commission. Section 15(1) requires the submission of annual income and expenditure estimates to the National Assembly by 30 June.

    Section 16 mandates annual reporting to the President, inclusive of audited accounts and the auditor’s report, with copies also sent to the National Assembly. These measures enhance financial discipline and legislative oversight.

    Tenure and removal of the secretary

    Unlike the 2004 Act, the 2025 Act provides for a defined tenure for the Commission’s Secretary. Under Section 9(2)(g), the Secretary shall serve a term of four years, renewable once. Section 9(4) outlines grounds for removal, including misconduct, incapacity, tenure expiration, or voluntary resignation, ensuring administrative stability and due process.

    Staffing and secondment reforms

    The 2025 Act liberalises the Commission’s staffing policy. Section 11(1) permits the RMAFC to appoint staff directly or by secondment, without prior approval from federal or state governments.

    While the Act removes formal application procedures, practical intergovernmental cooperation will still be required.

    Moreover, Section 11(2) eliminates the requirement for presidential approval when appointing persons not in the public service, thereby reducing executive interference in recruitment processes.

    Criminalisation of fiscal misconduct

    A groundbreaking feature of the 2025 Act is the introduction of specific offences and penalties for fiscal violations. Under Section 17:

    • It is an offence for any board member or officer of a revenue-generating agency to fail, delay, or divert remittances due to the Federation Account (Section 17(2)(a)). Penalties include a fine of not less than N1,000,000, a minimum of five years’ imprisonment, or both.

    • The submission of false financial statements is also penalised (Section 17(2)(b)), with a similar fine and a minimum of one year’s imprisonment.

    • Fraudulent appropriation or diversion of revenue attracts the repayment of 110 per cent of the diverted amount and a minimum prison term of 10 years (Section 17(3)). These provisions establish a clear legal deterrent against revenue mismanagement and institutional corruption.

    Conclusion

    The Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission Act, 2025 represents a pivotal advancement in Nigeria’s fiscal architecture. By reinforcing the Commission’s independence, widening its enforcement powers, and institutionalising accountability mechanisms, the Act addresses long-standing legal and operational deficiencies.

    It provides a framework that not only empowers the RMAFC to fulfil its constitutional mandate but also strengthens the broader fiscal system in Nigeria.

    This legislation will promote efficient revenue mobilisation, equitable fiscal distribution, and greater intergovernmental trust—cornerstones of sustainable national development.

    • Adojutelegan, PhD, is the Federal Commissioner representing Ondo State in RMFAC.

  • Tackling cocaine, codeine, caffeine addictions in Nigeria

    Tackling cocaine, codeine, caffeine addictions in Nigeria

    By Nneamaka Mokwe-Ijiko

    Nigeria faces a rising epidemic of substance misuse, with cocaine, codeine, and even caffeine addiction representing serious public health concerns.

    While attention typically centres on illegal drugs, the rampant abuse of prescribed medications like codeine and the widespread consumption of caffeine illustrate the intricate nature of addiction within my country.

    Effectively confronting these challenges requires a comprehensive strategy that includes strong policy measures, heightened awareness, and accessible treatment opportunities. 

    Cocaine, caffeine and codeine are classified as stimulants and depressants.

    Stimulants encompass a variety of substances that enhance alertness and various mental and physical functions. Cocaine is a potent stimulant that affects the central nervous system, resulting in feelings of euphoria and increased arousal.

    As a highly powerful stimulant, cocaine addiction is a major concern, particularly in urban areas.

    Its usage often results in severe psychological and physical dependence, with disastrous effects on individuals, families, and communities.

    The illegal nature of cocaine trafficking and use further complicates intervention efforts.

    Caffeine, a milder stimulant frequently overlooked due to its legal status and everyday consumption, can also lead to dependence and addiction.

    Overindulgence, especially through energy drinks and highly caffeinated products, can trigger withdrawal symptoms like headaches, fatigue, and irritability, affecting productivity and overall health.

    Although not as severe as other substance dependencies, its widespread occurrence deserves attention.

    I wonder what might occur in my country if the government were to impose regulations limiting our caffeine consumption?

    How many among us would experience withdrawal symptoms upon stopping such stimulants?

    A friend of mine attempted a month without caffeine and recounted her feelings of weakness, mood swings, illness, and chills after just one day. Does this resonate with you? 

    Finally, codeine! This term is familiar with nearly every high schooler in Nigeria because of its noticeable public side effects and social media presence. It is classified as a depressant.

    Depressants are substances that reduce neurotransmission levels, decrease the electrical activity in brain cells, or diminish stimulation in various areas of the brain.

    The rampant misuse of codeine-laden cough syrups and other opioid-based medications has reached alarming proportions.

    Motivated by factors like self-medication, peer influence, and easy access, codeine addiction often results in physical dependence, intense withdrawal symptoms, and can serve as a pathway to stronger drugs.

    The Nigerian government’s prohibition on the manufacturing and import of codeine cough syrup in 2018 by the former Minister of Health, Prof. Isaac Folorunsho Adewole, was a significant measure, yet enforcing it and tackling the underlying demand remains vital. 

    Countries such as China and Japan experience low levels of caffeine, codeine, and cocaine consumption, yet they maintain impressive productivity and innovation. So, what is our rationale?

    However, how do we address our dependency on caffeine, particularly in light of the rise in energy drink consumption and the easy availability of codeine? 

    To effectively address these addictions, Nigeria must enhance its policy framework and implementation by strengthening border control and enforcement efforts to disrupt the trafficking network for illicit cocaine and, similar to China, impose harsher penalties for trafficking and distribution.

    The government ought to explore policy alternatives such as mandatory labelling that specifies the caffeine levels in beverages, empowering consumers to make informed choices, akin to advertising regulations for tobacco products.

    Furthermore, actions should be taken to protect children and teenagers from all caffeine sources, promoting healthier options.

    Marketing campaigns should avoid targeting children, and caffeine products should be banned in schools.

    Some restaurants have embraced this approach by offering healthier drink options and alternatives like zobo or parfait, which foster better dietary habits.

    For codeine, we need to go beyond the current prohibition.

    Stricter regulations on the sale and dispensing of all controlled substances are necessary, ensuring ethical prescriptions and preventing diversion from legitimate sources, and there should be censorship of all music videos or media that directly or indirectly promote codeine use.

    Remember, “the eyes eat first.”

    We also need to broaden access to treatment and rehabilitation that emphasises integrative models focusing not only on treatment but also on prevention, as well as understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of drug-seeking behaviour, which is essential for creating targeted interventions, as indicated by Prof. Bankole A. Johnson, a prominent Nigerian scholar in neuropsychopharmacology of addiction.

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    It is vital to allocate resources for well-established rehabilitation centres in both urban and rural regions.

    It would be catastrophic to focus solely on urban areas in our efforts to combat this crisis.

    I do not recall ever seeing a public service announcement on television that brings attention to the risks associated with cocaine, codeine, or excessive caffeine consumption.

    These campaigns should be culturally appropriate and aimed at vulnerable groups, particularly youth in educational institutions and communities.

    Given that around 70 per cent of the population is under 30, approximately 160 million individuals belong to this demographic.

    We are on the brink of a crisis if we do not prioritise public awareness initiatives and concentrate on targeted educational campaigns.

    Instead of arguing over the inclusion or exclusion of history in our educational syllabus, we should be incorporating drug education into our curriculum.

    There is a necessity for a thorough framework that merges enforcement with health and harm-reduction strategies in the fight against drug abuse, similar to the exemplary efforts of the National Drug Control Master Plan (NDCMP).

    Tackling issues related to cocaine, codeine, and caffeine addiction in Nigeria demands cooperative effort from the government, healthcare providers, civil society groups, and local communities.

    Want to get involved in this movement? Start by taking a week off from cocaine, caffeine, or codeine. A healthier Nigeria is an achievable goal.

    • Mrs. Mokwe-Ijiko, Founder of Eliakim Global Intervention Services, can be reached at eliakimsessions4u@gmail.com

  • Lagos family duly served by court, says lawyer

    Lagos family duly served by court, says lawyer

    The Mabudeje family of Agbowa-Ikosi, Lagos State has debunked claims by the Aduloju family that they were not served notice of an appeal on the kingship, which the Court of Appeal ruled that they lost.

    The Appeal Court in its judgment No: CA/LAG/CV/1104/2023 delivered by Justices of the Court of Appeal; Muhammed Mustapha, Paul Ahmed Bassi and Ngozika Uwazurunonye Okaisabor dated May 30, 2025, had removed Oba Saheed Momson, who was produced by Aduloju family.

    But, a report, the Aduloju had denied being served the notice of the appeal and kicked the judgment.

    However, Prince Lateef Kunle, the legal representative of the Mabudeje family, who won the case, in a statement insisted that they the Aduloju family were served. He said the Aduloju, however, ‘’failed to appear after being served numerous times seeking to set aside the judgment, file stay of execution to buy time to a stool that does not belong to him or his forebears and re-instate him as the Abowa of Agbowa-Ikosi (attesting to his sack as the Abowa of Agbowa-Ikosi) pending the determination of his application, citing non-service of Notice of Appeal nor notified of the hearing by the appellants.’’

    He said the Aduloju family, which Oba Momson, does not hail from the Mabudeje Royal Family, ‘’a fact known to all in the community. The records are there’’, adding that Momson and his backers were out to deceive the state government. He insisted that Oba Momson was not entitled to the throne.

     He wondered why Oba Momson would claim not be served the Notice of Appeal nor notified of the hearing by the appellants in a case that the Lagos State Governor, state Attorney-General and Commissioner for Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs were present.

    Kunle added: “The Mabudeje Royal Family of Agbowa-Ikosi would not really like to delve much on his alibi and prayers in his motion for legal purpose.

    He reiterated that “the judgment of the Court of Appeal via Court of Appeal No: CA/LAG/CU/1104/2023 set aside the judgment of the lower court, also granted that the claimant (Mabudeje family) are entitled to the immediate right to fill the vacant stool of the Abowa of Agbowa-Ikosi and an order compelling the first-fifth defendants to call for the claimants’ nominee for the vacant stool of Abowa of Agbowa-Ikosi and install the nominee as the Abowa of Agbowa-Ikosi, Lagos State and whereby has notified him not to parade himself as Óba Abowa of Agbowa-Ikosi anymore.

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    “The keywords in the judgment are ‘vacant stool’ and ‘the installation of the nominee of the claimants’ with immediate effect. Hence, the need to reiterate that the leadership of Agbowa-Ikosi town lies with High Chief Wasiu Asodun, Oluwo of Agbowa-Ikosi, and Regent of Agbowa-Ikosi, and for government institutions to accord him necessary respects, recognition and perks of office as the Regent pending the installation of the rightful nominee of the Mabudeje Royal Family, who is ready to present their sole candidate for the revered stool while awaiting the relevant papers from the Lagos State Government and Ikosi-Ejinrin Local Council Development Area (LCDA), requesting for our nominee for the sake of equity, fairness and justice.

     “Law is never based on sentiment nor whims and caprices.They cannot create legality out of illegality. The long arm of the law has really caught up with them.

     “A sitting king was removed in Igboye, Epe, Lagos State and hell was not let loose. Instead, the community has moved on and rally round their new king heralding a new dawn.

    This new phase shall pass and Agbowa-Ikosi will come out unscathed from this as well.

    “The 1957 Chieftaincy Declaration of Lagos State Government is very explicit in mentioning Mabudeje Royal Family as the fourth ruling house in Agbowa-Ikosi and affirmed that we came from Ijebu-Ode just as the fifth ruling house the Ogunalade-Ogunja was also said to come from Odo-Onosa.’’

  • Ex-Anambra Speaker Ekwealor dies at 89

    Ex-Anambra Speaker Ekwealor dies at 89

    A lawyer and former House of Assembly Speaker in the old Anambra State, Chief Benjamin Afagu Ekwealor, has passed on, aged 89.

    The family said the patriarch died in the evening of July 26, 2025, at his Nzam country home in Anambra West Local Government, Anambra State.

    The late Ekwealor was a prominent teacher, legal practitioner, community leader, politician and administrator.

    He retired as school principal in 1977 and played a significant role as a member of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) in the old Anambra State.

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    He was elected a member of the Old Anambra State House of Assembly (comprising the present Anambra, Enugu and Ebonyi states) in 1979 and was re-elected in 1983, later becoming the Speaker.

    The late Ekwealor was also appointed a member of the Anambra State Judicial Service Commission representing the Bar in 1998 and served for nearly a decade.

    “He lived a life of exemplary selfless service to humanity.

    “He is survived by six children and several grandchildren.

    “His final burial rites will be announced by the family in due course,” the family said in a statement.

  • Akiolu advocates better equipment of police, security agencies

    Akiolu advocates better equipment of police, security agencies

    Oba of Lagos, Rilwan Akiolu, has urged the Federal Government to provide needed tools for the police and other security agencies to enable them to fight rising insecurity in the country.

    Akiolu spoke when the National President of Police Officers Wives Association (POWA), who is also the wife of the Inspector General of Police, Dr. Elizabeth Egbetokun, paid him a courtesy visit at his Idunganran palace, Lagos Island, Lagos State.

    The POWA president was accompanied by the Lagos State Commissioner of Police, Moshood Jimoh, his wife, Riskat Jimoh and the wives of other top police officers.

    Akiolu said policing is a difficult task; therefore, police officers need modern equipment to tackle insecurity.

    He commended the Lagos CP for introducing new methods to reduce crime in the state and urged him to continue training his officers on the need to be civil to the citizens on their duty.

    “The task of policing is a herculean task. I urge the Federal Government to give police and other security agents the logistics to support their job.

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    The NDLEA and NAFDAC are trying. A police job is one of the best jobs anyone can do, depending on how you do the job,” he said.

    He added: “The present Commissioner of Police in Lagos has introduced new methods to combat crime in the state, and I want to commend him.

    “Continue lecturing your boys to be good and civil.  Don’t corrupt your position and always tell the people the truth. Do not be greedy,” Akiolu told CP Moshood.

    Oba Akiolu also advised wives of police officers to support their husbands and urged the citizens also to support the Federal Government in fighting insecurity.

    “All of us should be involved in the task of security. We should cooperate with the federal and state governments. Children should be taught the way of God. Tell your husbands to save for their retirements,” he told the POWA president and her entourage.

    On the newly elected local government chairmen in Lagos State, Oba Akiolu warned them not to see the local government financial autonomy as an avenue to enrich themselves.

    “President Tinubu, who pushed for the local government financial autonomy, did it for a purpose. The local government chairmen should not be tempted to steal. They should be careful.

    “Whoever among them has the intention to steal money should erase such a thought. Nigerians are very enlightened now,” he said.

    Dr. Egbetokun said her team was at the palace to thank Oba Akiolu for supporting the association during its recently concluded three-day national conference held in Lagos.

    She said participants at the conference were lectured on how to showcase their talents and use them for the benefit of the nation.

    “We thank Kabiyesi for supporting us during our conference and always praying for us. This shows that he loves us, and we are to show appreciation for his support,” she said.

  • Experts seek stronger law to deepen trade, investment

    Experts seek stronger law to deepen trade, investment

    Leading diplomats and international law experts have said that there was an urgent need for prioritisation of homegrown capacity development and training on international law to maximise Nigeria’s potential to attract  international trade and investments. 

    The recommendation was made at a high-level  one-week 2025 Certificate  of Advanced Studies in International Law and Diplomacy course organised by the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS) in partnership with the International Law Association (Nigerian Branch).

    The ultimate objective of the course is to expose participants to the specialised knowledge and skill sets required for the practice of international law and diplomacy.

    The opening ceremony featured compelling remarks by senior diplomats and experts including Attorney General of the Federation and Minister for Justice,  Prince Lateef Fagbemi (SAN) who was represented by Fernandez Marcus-Obiene.

    Former Ambassador of Nigeria to Sudan, Amb. Safiu Olukayode Olaniyan; the Director-General of the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS), Prof. Ibrahim Abdulqadir Abikan; President of the International Law Association Nigeria (ILA), Prof. Damilola Olawuyi (SAN);, Judge Ad hoc of the International Court of Justice, Prof. Olufemi Elias;  Director, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Nigeria Office, Dr. Tobilola Moody; Vice Chair and Nigeria’s representative, UN Committee on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

    Eghobamien-Mshelia Esther; Secretary General of the International Law Association, Nigeria, Clement Osuya,  amongst other dignitaries.

    While welcoming and congratulating participants for being selected for the high-level course, Prof. Ibrahim Abdulqadir Abikan, Director-General of NIALS noted that “due to globalisation, legal practices have taken on a new dimension, as new emerging areas of law have evolved.

    He said as lawyers, practitioners and law students, there is a need to rise to the challenge and equip oneself for a 21st-century legal service delivery.

    “We are confident that your participation in this course will equip you with the skill sets needed to advocate for and practise international law and diplomacy for the benefit of humanity”, he stressed.

    On his part, the keynote speaker, Amb.  Olaniyan,  noted that “International law serves as a crucial tool for managing the complexities of global relations, promoting cooperation, and addressing transnational challenges in a way that balances state sovereignty with collective interests.”

    Drawing extensive insights from his practical experience as a diplomat representing Nigeria in Sudan, his compelling lecture highlighted the essence of international law, the role of diplomacy in national development, the fundamentals of international diplomacy, and the areas of priorities for effective diplomacy and national development.

    Ambassador Olaniyan also commended NIALS and the ILA “for the initiative and thoughtfulness to introduce an Advanced Certificate Course in International Law and Diplomacy, aimed at providing in-depth examination of international law and its pivotal role in diplomacy and national development.”

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    On his part, the President of the ILA, Nigeria, Prof. Olawuyi(SAN),  who is also an Independent Expert on the United Nations Working Group on Business and Human Rights, Switzerland, noted that “International trade negotiation must be on the basis of mutual respect and productive dialogue. But in our world today, we are gradually sliding back to the era of condescension diplomacy, characterised by a patronizing or superior attitude towards other nations or actors, and the unilateral announcement of trade tariffs and veiled threats by some countries against other nations, hindering productive dialogue and cooperation that have been the hallmarks of the multilateral trading system and international diplomacy for many years.

    “Reclaiming the African voice in international law and diplomacy requires homegrown capacity development programmes such as this, that expose the next generation to the art and craft of international law and diplomacy.”

    The one-week course covered contemporary themes in public and private international law, taught by leading experts, including modules on artificial intelligence and new technologies, international human rights and humanitarian law, international criminal law, international energy and petroleum transactions, climate change and sustainable development, conflict resolution, international commercial arbitration, AFCTA and international economic integration, as well as ethics and skill sets for international diplomacy, amongst others.

    Established in 1979, NIALS is the apex legal research and training institute in Nigeria, while the International Law Association (ILA) was established in 1873, with the objective and mandate to promote “the study, clarification, and development of international law, both public and private, and the furtherance of international understanding and respect for international law.”

    The Nigerian Branch of the ILA regularly hosts innovative lectures, seminars, conferences, and other capacity development programmes to advance the study and understanding of international law in Nigeria.

  • Aondoakaa: ICJ, Supreme Court rulings on Akwa Ibom–Cross River oil dispute fully implemented

    Aondoakaa: ICJ, Supreme Court rulings on Akwa Ibom–Cross River oil dispute fully implemented

    Former Attorney General of the Federation and Minister of Justice, Michael Aondoakaa, has declared that the legal and diplomatic matters surrounding the Akwa Ibom–Cross River oil boundary dispute are fully settled, both by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the Nigerian Supreme Court.

    Speaking on ARISE News’ Morning Show, Aondoakaa said any attempt to reopen the case is without legal merit and undermines the rule of law.

    He recounted his key role in the enforcement of the ICJ ruling, particularly in the handover of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon under the Green Tree Agreement. 

    “As chairman of the boundary committee and co-leader of the Green Tree Agreement implementation, I can confirm that the final stage — the Bakassi handover — was completed. The judgement was enforced to the letter,” he said.

    Aondoakaa clarified that the ICJ ruling stripped Cross River State of its littoral status following the cession of Bakassi, thereby disqualifying it from claiming offshore oil wells. 

    He added that the Supreme Court of Nigeria reaffirmed this position twice, both times ruling in favour of Akwa Ibom.

    “Cross River had its day in court — twice. The decisions were clear, and they were implemented,” he emphasized.

    He criticised renewed efforts to revisit the dispute, noting that Cross River failed to present its case during pivotal meetings with the National Boundary Commission. 

    “For five days in Calabar, boundary officials waited. No Cross River representative appeared. Meanwhile, Akwa Ibom cooperated and made its case,” he said.

    Aondoakaa also revealed that Akwa Ibom, despite its legal upper hand, had extended a goodwill offer of N250 million monthly to Cross River, which was accepted at the time.

    He stressed that all elements of the Green Tree Agreement, including village realignments and territorial adjustments, were carried out under international supervision, with meetings held in Switzerland and observed by five global powers.

    “Nigeria honoured its commitment and upheld the rule of law,” he said, adding, “If we cherry-pick which judgments to obey, we lose credibility. We accepted villages returned from Cameroon — we must also accept those ceded.”

    Concluding, Aondoakaa warned that the matter is closed from both legal and diplomatic perspectives, and any attempt to revive it is “futile and irresponsible.”

  • New global law firm Parsons launches to redefine business in Africa

    New global law firm Parsons launches to redefine business in Africa

    A newly launched international law firm, Parsons, is set to transform the legal landscape for doing business in Africa, with operational hubs in London, the United Arab Emirates, and Nigeria.

    Co-founder and Corporate and Finance Law expert, Dr. Gabriel Onagoruwa, said the firm is strategically positioned to serve as a legal partner for clients involved in Africa-focused transactions, combining world-class legal counsel with deep regional expertise.

    “Parsons sees Africa not as a frontier, but as a core part of the global economy. We are here to partner with clients who share that vision,” he said.

    Dr Onagoruwa explained that the firm’s model blends international legal standards with a nuanced, on-the-ground understanding of Africa’s commercial realities.

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    This approach, he noted, is designed to deliver seamless and practical legal solutions across sectors such as infrastructure, natural resources, and cross-border investments.

    Dr Onagoruwa, who has advised on transactions exceeding U.S $50 billion, co-founded the firm with Asset and Structured Finance specialist, Gregory Kahn.

    He emphasised that their combined expertise reflects Parsons’ commitment to delivering high-level legal advice on deals that traverse regions, from Europe to Africa, and the Gulf to the continent.

    Dr Onagoruwa added that the firm recognises the vast opportunities the continent offers, from natural resources to large-scale infrastructure development, and is committed to helping clients unlock that potential.

    “The establishment of Parsons coincides with Africa’s growing prominence as a global business hub. With an increasing appetite for investment and a rising demand for specialised legal services, the firm is poised to play a pivotal role in supporting clients as they navigate regulatory frameworks and business complexities across African jurisdictions.

    “With its innovative legal vision and dedication to excellence, Parsons enters the market as a catalyst for change, ready to influence and shape the future of Africa’s business and legal environment.”

  • Taming the rising tide of unexplained wealth

    Taming the rising tide of unexplained wealth

    Nigeria’s fight against corruption faces a key hurdle: unexplained wealth. The EFCC is calling for a new law to hold public officials accountable for assets beyond their lawful income, but the bill remains stalled. ADEBISI ONANUGA, asks lawyers if a new law is needed to fight this financial crime.

    The spectre of corruption continues to haunt Nigeria, gnawing at the core of its public institutions and economic integrity.

    At the centre of this plague is the persistent issue of unexplained wealth: massive accumulations of assets by public officials and politically exposed persons (PEPs) that are glaringly disproportionate to their known and lawful income.

    The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the country’s premier anti-corruption agency, has, for over a year, mounted a spirited campaign to secure legislative backing for a law targeting unexplained wealth.

    Despite multiple appeals to the National Assembly, the proposed Unexplained Wealth Bill remains in legislative limbo.

    EFCC Chairman, Ola Olukoyede, recently renewed his call for the enactment of this crucial legislation.

    He warned that Nigeria cannot win the war against corruption without empowering its institutions to hold public officials accountable for wealth that cannot be traced to legitimate sources.

    His impassioned plea was made during the National Conference on Public Accounts and Fiscal Governance, organised by the Public Accounts Committees of the Senate and House of Representatives in Abuja.

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    He said: “Help me pass the Unexplained Wealth Bill. I have been begging for the past year.This same Bill was thrown out by the last Assembly.

    “If we don’t make individuals accountable for what they have, we will never get it right.”

    In this, legal luminaries weigh in on whether Nigeria truly needs a new law to tackle unexplained wealth, what such a law would entail, how it would interact with existing statutes, and whether it can realistically become an effective weapon in the anti-corruption arsenal.

    EFCC’s frustration and legal limitations

    Olukoyede laid bare the frustrations of anti-corruption enforcement in the country: the requirement to establish a “predicate offence” before assets can be seized or individuals charged with financial crimes.

    A predicate offence is a specific crime, such as theft, fraud, or embezzlement, that must first be proven before any prosecution or asset recovery can begin.

    In cases where a public official’s lifestyle and asset portfolio clearly exceed their lawful earnings, the absence of this predicate offence creates a legal deadlock.

    Olukoyede provided a stark example: “Someone has worked in a ministry for 20 years. We calculate his entire salary and allowances,then we find five properties — two in Maitama, three in Asokoro.

    “Yet, we’re told to go and prove a predicate offence before we can act. That is absurd.”

    He argued that this legal bottleneck encourages corruption to thrive unchecked, especially when perpetrators can hide behind technicalities and exploit gaps in the law.

    The term unexplained wealth

    Unexplained wealth refers to assets or property that an individual holds which appear disproportionate to their lawful income and for which they cannot provide a satisfactory explanation.

    This is widely considered a red flag for illicit activity, including corruption, money laundering, embezzlement, and other financial crimes.

    Jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, Mauritius, and Kenya have implemented legal mechanisms such as Unexplained Wealth Orders (UWOs) to address this problem.

    These laws shift the burden of proof to individuals to explain the source of their wealth, and in the absence of a credible explanation, permit the state to seize the assets in question.

    The power of UWOs

    The UK’s Criminal Finances Act of 2017 introduced UWOs, allowing law enforcement to compel individuals to account for assets that appear suspicious.

    In Australia, unexplained wealth legislation forms part of the Proceeds of Crime Act, allowing confiscation of assets without requiring a criminal conviction.

    Similar frameworks exist in Kenya under the Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act, and in Mauritius via the Asset Recovery Act.

    These frameworks have proven effective in placing high-profile suspects under scrutiny and recovering assets linked to illicit enrichment, even in cases where securing a criminal conviction would be difficult or time-consuming.

    Also, these jurisdictions demonstrate that unexplained wealth laws are not merely theoretical but have achieved concrete results in tracing, freezing, and recovering illicit assets.

    They offer models that Nigeria can study and adapt, tailoring thresholds, timeframes, and procedural safeguards to its constitutional and institutional realities.

    Voices of the legal community: for and against

    A cross-section of senior Nigerian legal minds offer their insights on whether such a law is necessary, and if so, how it should be crafted.

    According to international law expert and forensic advocate Asiwaju Kunle Kalejaye (SAN), the EFCC Chairman’s call for a law on unexplained wealth is a most welcome development in Nigeria’s fight against corruption.

    He emphasised that corruption in Nigeria is evolving rapidly and adopting more sophisticated camouflage.

    Hence, anti-corruption efforts must be equally dynamic.

    Kalejaye supports the proposed law, arguing that it would significantly strengthen Nigeria’s anti-corruption framework.

    He believes that by shifting the burden of proof, public officers would be required to explain the sources of their wealth, which in turn would simplify prosecution and expose more sophisticated forms of corruption.

    Beyond that, the law would promote greater accountability and transparency by compelling public officials to justify assets that exceed their legitimate income.

    Kalejaye also stressed that such legislation aligns with global best practices, noting that many countries with successful anti-corruption records have already adopted similar measures.

    Kalejaye, however, noted that the effectiveness of these laws varies, and some have faced challenges in implementation.

    For instance, the UK’s UWO legislation has been criticised for its limitations, and there have been calls for reforms to make it more effective in tackling kleptocracy.

    “Overall, a law on unexplained wealth could be a valuable addition to Nigeria’s anti-corruption framework, and it’s interesting to see the EFCC Chairman advocating for it,” he said.

    He further stressed the importance of public education.

    “A shift in the mental orientation of our people is also important.

    “Whilst it’s important to have appropriate laws in place, the educative aspect of fighting corruption must be pursued to ensure a shift in cognitive perception. 

    “A society that worships wealth can only but make scapegoats of a few.”

    Kalejaye advocated for the formation of anti-corruption clubs in secondary schools and universities to sensitise the youth.

    “EFCC must endeavour to reach out to our youths who feed the system with leaders and work on their minds.

    “I have not heard of anti-corruption clubs formed in our secondary schools and tertiary institutions.

    “There must be a deliberate and systematic corralling of our young minds into the anticorruption war,” he said.

    Holding public officers accountable is necessary

    Senior Lawyer, Wale Taiwo (SAN), supported the EFCC’s call, arguing that Nigeria can only win the anti-corruption war with legal backing to hold public officers accountable for assets far beyond their legitimate earnings.

    He said: “The optics of opulence displayed by public office holders strikes at the core of the government’s anti-corruption mantra.”

    He cited the example of a government minister arriving in a Rolls-Royce, despite being in public service for over two decades.

    He argued that since public office holders are barred from private enterprise while in office, their net worth should be easily traceable.

    Taiwo emphasised that while probing unexplained wealth is necessary, such inquiries must operate within the boundaries of the constitution.

    He cited Section 36(5) of the 1999 Constitution, which upholds the presumption of innocence and places the burden of proof on the prosecution.

    He suggested that, pending new legislation, authorities should fully leverage existing mechanisms such as tax returns, asset declarations, and the mandatory use of BVN and NIN to trace financial flows.

    Will the new law make a difference?

    A senior advocate, Godwin Omoaka, offered a dissenting view.

    He contended that Nigeria already possesses sufficient legal tools to tackle unexplained wealth, provided they are used effectively.

    “I don’t think the law on unexplained wealth will make a significant difference.

    “There are currently similar provisions of extant laws that impose an obligation on a defendant to prove that his or her income was earned legitimately if the prosecution can prove the wealth was illegally.”

    According to him, what Nigeria needs is not more laws, but more political will.

    He warned that without strong, independent institutions — especially within the judiciary, EFCC, and the police — any new legislation could simply become another dormant statute.

    “We need strong institutions like the police, EFCC, and judiciary to play their part in tackling this endemic scourge. Otherwise, I am afraid we will continue moving in circles,” he argued.

    A legislative imperative

    Former NBA-SPIDEL Chair, Dr. Ubani, strongly supports the call for an unexplained wealth law, describing it as both “timely and necessary”.

    He acknowledged that while existing laws such as the EFCC Act and the Money Laundering Act provide some support, significant legal and procedural gaps remain.

    He advised that the new law must be drafted with care, ensuring that it is anchored in constitutional principles and legal safeguards, and will serve as a powerful tool in Nigeria’s anti-corruption arsenal.

    It will help close existing legal loopholes, deter illicit enrichment, and promote greater accountability in public life.

    ‘Law will accelerate justice’

    A former commissioner in the Ogun State Judicial Service Commission, Abayomi Omoyinmi, argued that such a law would streamline the prosecution of corruption cases.

    By criminalising unexplained wealth, prosecutors would no longer need to tie asset recovery to another criminal act.

    He added that this could lead to faster prosecutions, more plea bargains, and a reduced court docket.

    Omoyinmi lamented that the mismanagement and illegal appropriation of public resources are so alarming that they leave citizens with no option but to promulgate a law to criminalise unexplained wealth “if the government is seriously interested in fighting corruption in all its ramifications.”

    He added: “If individuals aren’t held accountable for suspicious assets, progress will remain elusive.

    “Currently, the law requires proof of crimes like fraud or money laundering before seizing assets.

    “But with a law against unexplained wealth, agencies could act without needing to prove those underlying crimes.”

    Will the law be used or abused?

    Even as the legal consensus leans toward enacting the law, questions remain about enforcement.

    Will the law be implemented fairly, or wielded as a political tool? Will it empower whistle-blowers or further entrench elite impunity?

    These concerns underscore the need for safeguards and robust oversight.

    Critics warn that, unless properly monitored, such legislation could be used to target political opponents or suppress dissent.

    Therefore, strong independent institutions, transparent enforcement mechanisms, and citizen engagement are essential.

    The conversation around unexplained wealth is more than just a legal debate; it is a moral and institutional reckoning for Nigeria.

    As public trust erodes and corruption continues to impede development, the country faces a stark choice: either strengthen the rule of law with bold legislative reforms or continue recycling the same patterns of impunity.

    A well-crafted unexplained wealth law, combined with political will and public engagement, could signal a decisive shift in Nigeria’s anti-corruption journey. As EFCC Chairman, Olukoyede, reminds us: “If we don’t make individuals accountable for what they have, we’ll never get it right.”

  • ‘Why Ajudua was absent in court’

    ‘Why Ajudua was absent in court’

    • By Rachael Isenere

    An Ikeja Special Offences Court has heard that  Mr. Fred Ajudua’s   failure to appear in court was because he is  currently receiving treatment at the University of Lagos Teaching Hospital, (LUTH), Idi-Araba, Lagos.

    His counsel Mr. Olalekan Ojo, (SAN), stated this before Justice Mojisola Dada of the special offences court.

    Ojo told the court that Ikoyi Medium Correctional Facility had communicated to the trial court confirming that the defendant is receiving treatment at LUTH.

    The counsel told the court told the court  that after the Supreme Court judgement on  May 9, 2024, he alongside Senator Ned Nwoko representing the defendant senatorial district in Upper Chambers accompanied him to the headquarters of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), in compliance with the judgement of the Supreme Court.

    “My Lord, I’m aware that the correctional centre has written a letter to the court about the defendant being receiving treatment in LUTH.

    “After the Supreme Court delivered it’s judgement on May 9, 2025, in total obedience to the judgment of the Supreme Court when the defendant read it online, he surrendered himself to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission(EFCC) at its headquarters in Abuja on May 13, 2025.

    “On that day he was accompaniedby Senator Ned Nwoko, the Senator representing Delta North Senatorial District at the National Assembly. I led them to the EFCC office, even when we didn’t have access to the Certified True Copy (CTC) of the judgment of the Supreme Court,” Ojo said.

    In his response counsel to the EFCC, Mr. Seidu Atteh, told the court that the business of the day was the continuation of the prosecution case and they were ready to go on with the matter.

    He also told the court that the EFCC has two witnesses in court who were ready to be led by the prosecution.

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    “We have two witnesses in court who are ready for this case today. One of the witnesses is from Enugu while the second one is from Port Harcourt.

    According to the suit, the EFCC, among other things alleged that Ajudua conspired with Joseph Ochunor, who is still at large to obtain money by false pretenses from Zaid Abu Zalaf of Technical International Limited.., a division of Mystic Limited.., a German based firm.

    It also alleged that with intent to defraud, Ajudua and Ochunor obtained $268, 000 on April 2, 1993 as well as $225, 000 from Zalaf.

    “The EFCC further claimed that Ajudua and Ochunor in a bid to give credence to the alleged scam, forged Central Bank of Nigeria and Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation receipts and presented same as original.”

    The matter has been adjourned to  July 30, 2025 for continuation of trial.