The World Bank’s Country Director for Nigeria, Dr. Ndiame Diop, has confirmed that Nigeria remains the largest economy in Africa by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) despite the challenges faced by its private sector.
Speaking at the Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) and Stakeholder Engagement in Abuja on Thursday, Dr. Diop stated that while Nigeria receives far less Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) than its potential warrants—especially in comparison to countries like Indonesia and South Africa—it continues to hold its position as Africa’s biggest economy.
He stated that the CPSD report, set to be released in the coming weeks, will reveal the impact of private sector constraints on economic growth. He noted that if targeted actions were taken to remove these obstacles, Nigeria’s economic potential would be significantly enhanced.
The current macroeconomic reforms, he explained, have created a favorable environment for such changes.
He cited the country’s recent economic stabilisation measures, particularly exchange rate market adjustments and improved access to foreign exchange, as critical steps that have already enhanced investment conditions.
Diop outlined four key sectors where strategic reforms could unlock massive investment and job creation.
In the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector, investment opportunities worth up to $4 billion could be realised, potentially creating more than 200,000 jobs, he said..
He further stated in agribusiness, reforms could unlock $6 billion in investment and generate over 275,000 jobs.
The solar photovoltaic (PV) industry, according to him, holds the potential for $8.5 billion in investment and more than 129,000 jobs while the pharmaceutical sector could attract $1.6 billion and create more than 30,000 to 40,000 jobs.
For the ICT sector, he identified the high, unpredictable, and inconsistent right-of-way fees, levies and informal charges—comprising 30 to 70 percent of broadband rollout costs—as a major barrier.
Addressing these regulatory inconsistencies, he argued, would be a game-changer for broadband expansion.
He acknowledged that the National Economic Council has recognised this issue and that progress is being made through a World Bank-supported initiative.
In an effort to promote the growing need for effective risk management in Africa, African Trade and Development Insurance (ATIDI) has reinforced its commitment to development insurance.
Speaking during a webinar focused on the role of development insurance in the continent, CEO, ATIDI, Manuel Moses, said “ATIDI is at the center of the solution to Africa’s development agenda. Our unique risk-mitigating solutions are essential to enable transformational projects benefiting African countries and their citizens”.
“We are well on our journey to one day count each African country as a Member State and fully realize the noble vision of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). As we work towards this goal, we strive to preserve the support of our Member States in upholding our Preferred Creditor Status, to leverage collaboration with other actors in our industry and to strengthen our bond with our strategic partners,” he said.
Chief Risk Officer, ATIDI, Anthony Ehimare, said investing in Africa comes with the risks, among which figure debt distress, political volatility, lingering insecurity or again persisting gaps in governance. But recent global crises demonstrate that volatility and uncertainty may be the new norm in international business. ATIDI’s track record has proven that our unique market insight, our solid partnerships, our risk assessment and adapted mitigation mechanisms provide investors with the comfort level they need to further engage in Africa. We remain committed to continue providing this superior quality to our partners and clients.
Chief Underwriting Officer, ATIDI, Benjamin Mugisha, said “Business trends are rapidly evolving, and at ATIDI, we are continuously adapting our product line-up to meet the changing needs of our clients. One key focus has been the development of innovative solutions tailored specifically for SMEs. These businesses play a crucial role in driving economic growth, particularly in Africa, and we are committed to providing them with risk management tools that they need to thrive. By providing tailored risk solutions, we empower African economies, improve livelihoods, and contribute to long-term development, all while fostering greater trade and investment opportunities across the continent.”
The programme brought together media stakeholders from across the continent – to understand how innovative insurance solutions are driving sustainable development, mitigating risks and fostering economic growth. With a special emphasis on the African market, the session provided a deep dive into strategies that are transforming the landscape of development insurance.
Development insurance plays a pivotal role in fostering economic growth by providing investment, trade and political risk-mitigation covers designed to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) into development projects. Unlike traditional insurance, development insurance is a specialized field focused on creating a secure environment for investors by addressing unique risks.
ATIDI exemplifies this approach by offering tailored solutions that mitigate risks and provide investors with an added layer of security and confidence. This assurance enables them to engage in critical development projects, knowing their capital and interests are safeguarded against unforeseen challenges such as political instability, currency inconvertibility and default risks. Through its innovative and specialized products, ATIDI is not only facilitating FDI but also driving sustainable development across Africa, transforming perceived risks into opportunities for economic advancement.
ATIDI, legally known as the African Trade Insurance Agency, was founded in 2001 by African States and with technical and financial backing from COMESA and the World Bank, to cover trade and investment risks of companies doing business in Africa. At that time, the continent attracted a bleak USD47 billion dollars of FDI, due in part to perceived or actual risk for interested investors. Though this figure has improved, Africa’s financing gap remains abysmal, with USD200 billion in additional investment needed to achieve the SDGs by 20301.
ATIDI has grown to 24 member states and 13 institutional shareholders. The organization aspires to eventually have all African countries as members. In pursuit of this goal, ATIDI has established and strengthened strategic partnerships with leading development and financing institutions, including the African Union, the African Development Bank, the World Bank Group, the European Investment Bank, KfW and Norad. ATIDI has earned an A2 rating with a stable outlook from Moody’s and an A rating with a stable outlook from S&P, reflecting its financial strength and credibility.
ATIDI has demonstrated resilience amid challenging market conditions, achieving profit growth while strategically managing its risk and exposure. The organization continues to support trade and investment across Africa with a portfolio of over USD85 billion since inception. ATIDI is implementing an ambitious 2023-2027 corporate stra
In this interview with Ibrahim Apekhade Yusuf, the Managing Director of Moniepoint MFB, Mr. Babatunde Olofin, shares interesting insights on why Nigerian banks and fintechs are exploring other markets outside Nigeria, nay Sub Saharan Africa and beyond. According to him the motivation is both for profit maximisation and also aligns with the overarching mandate of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) to boost intra-African trade, investment, and economic integration across the continent. Excerpts:
Nigerian-Owned banks and fintechs have been expanding their frontiers across the continent of Africa, Europe and Asia in recent times. What could be responsible for this expansionist drive?
Firstly, many African countries still have a large unbanked population which means that they are untapped. As such by expanding, Nigerian banks and fintechs can tap into these markets and provide financial services to millions of people who currently lack access. This in turn helps to bolster their overall profitability while creating impactful and meaningful change in societies that need them the most. Also this expansionist agenda is fueled by the rise and adoption of digital technologies which has made it easier for financial institutions to offer innovative products and services irrespective of where they are situated. This includes mobile banking, online and offline payments, and blockchain technology, which can process cross-border transactions more efficiently. By expanding their frontiers, Nigerian banks and fintechs are not only growing their businesses but also contributing to the financial inclusion and economic development of the continent and beyond.
How do you think this would affect the continent’s economy?
There are a lot of positive takeaways on the African economy from the expansionist regime. By reaching unbanked and underserved populations, these institutions help bring more people into the formal financial system. This will increase access to credit, savings, and insurance, which can boost economic activity and reduce poverty. Stimulating and deepening economic activity while creating opportunities for job creation and entrepreneurship which will reduce unemployment and improve living standards is another win. As Nigerian banks and fintechs expand across Africa, they contribute to regional economic integration by facilitating cross-border transactions and trade. This can strengthen economic ties between African countries and promote regional cooperation.
Do you think this resurgence of cross country expansion by these businesses aligns with the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA)?
The expansion of Nigerian banks and fintechs is in solid alignment with the AfCFTA’s goals of boosting intra-African trade, investment, and economic integration. The AfCFTA aims to create a single, continent-wide market for goods and services, which would facilitate trade and investment across Africa. By expanding their operations, Nigerian banks and fintechs are contributing to this vision by enhancing trade and deploying services that can facilitate cross-border transactions, making it easier for businesses to trade within the continent.
Can you quantify the quantum of these businesses in terms of value of the investments?
I can say that the quantum is huge in the billions of dollars but the impact has been equally transformative. Take a business like Moniepoint, it has had a seismic impact on the financial inclusion landscape with more work to be done.
Can this all be about the value of ROI in those markets or it has something to do with African alliance by these businesses?
It’s a combination of many factors. But yes, return on investment (ROI) in these markets is a significant driver. African markets, especially those with large unbanked populations, present substantial growth opportunities. Businesses have to return value for shareholders and other stakeholders. With strategic alliances and collaborative partnerships, there are opportunities to leverage each other’s strengths and resources in a manner that maximises cost. These alliances help them navigate regulatory environments, access new customer bases, and innovate more effectively.
Your company is also playing in the global field especially within the fintech ecosystem. Can you share your success stories and investments trajectory across the continent of Africa in particular within the last 12 months or more?
With our recent Series C fundraiser we are looking to accelerate our expansion across Africa. We want to share our integrated platform offering services such as digital payments, banking, foreign exchange, credit, and business management tools with a huge swathe of Africans and power their dreams. Today, we process over 800 million transactions monthly, with a total value exceeding $17 billion, our expansion is in tandem with our mission to drive financial inclusion and support Africa’s entrepreneurial potential.
In what looks like a determined response to the infrastructural challenges in the continent, the Africa Road Builders has, in the past 10 years, positioned itself as a platform for strategic reflections and actions in favour of road transport infrastructure in Africa.
Both conferences have been designed to assess all transport services and the environment in which these services are delivered in Africa, while offering insights for improvement and pushing for actions for the development of roads and transport.
Meanwhile, a Lagos based Marketing Communications firm -Global Citirep Communications, has been appointed to prospect and secure partners across Nigeria for this 10th edition.
In a letter of mandate, addressed to the Chief Executive Officer of the Lagos based firm, Hakeem Bello and signed by the General Commissioner of the Africa Road Builders -Trophee Babacar NDIAYE, Barthélemy Kouamé, Global Citirep Communications is saddled with the responsibility of identifying and registering participants for both events as well as collecting participation fees on behalf of the General Commission.
The agency is also expected to undertake any initiatives aligned with the programme and pricing schedule provided by the General Commission to ensure robust participation from Nigeria.
Confirming the appointment, Bello said the high-level event would promote the development of roads and transport infrastructure across Africa.
According to him, the event would also reflect the group’s unwavering commitment to sustainable and inclusive growth for the continent.
“This edition focuses on transport services as a driver of economic and social development in Africa. It explores topics ranging from accessibility to transport provision, including financing, market management, and transport policy administration. Without forgetting the user experience, whether individuals or professionals: we are all affected.”
While enumerating the benefits it would offer participants and sponsors, the firm’s CEO said it would give them maximum visibility and reputation as well as a platform to report the progress being recorded in their various jurisdictions on road transport infrastructure.
He said; “Like other developmental global platforms, the event aims at enhancing visibility and reputation, both as an individual delegate and as an entity operating in the mentioned fields. Regardless of your participation level, you are invited to share your ideas and experiences during presentations and ongoing discussions throughout the event.”
Besides, the organisers have categorised the various benefits available for delegates and sponsors. While ordinary delegates will enjoy general benefits, Silver Sponsors will enjoy the general benefits as well as having their logo on all event visuals.
They are also entitled to a page in Acturoutes magazine in April and May 2025, among other benefits. The general benefits include, Airport transfer, participation in all sessions, accommodation, and welcome dinner on April 24, lunch on April 24 and 25 and closing dinner.
For the Gold Sponsors, their benefits will also include general benefits, logo appearance, a page in Acturoutes magazine and the privilege of making two presentations on specific topics, among others.
The optimum sponsor, according to the organisers is the Diamond Sponsor/Patron, which also enjoys the general benefits, logo appearance on all event visuals, with the entitlement to two pages in Acturoutes magazine in April and May 2025, as well as two visuals on Acturoutes.
In addition, the diamond sponsors are also entitled to the intro page on Acturoutes, information and placements on Acturoutes TV (live and recorded) with dinners offered in their names, with their message delivered at these occasions.
Like the gold sponsor, they too will have the privilege of making two presentations on specific topics of their choice, among other benefits.
Another unique opportunity for participants is that their registration and participation in the UAE conference will qualify them to attend the Abidjan leg of the conference.
From any angle one chooses to look at this event, it is obvious that it will give delegates and sponsors access to specialised information because it will bring together road and transport stakeholders from around the world, all of whom have proven and recognised expertise.
Through these leaders there will be opportunity to access specialised information, in-depth analyses, and emerging trends. For the sponsors, the resources that participants will gain from the event will be invaluable for their governments, companies or organisations. In all, it will be a networking opportunity and a place to establish contacts between professionals and potential partners.
Like the previous editions, the final conference will be held on the sidelines of the Annual Meetings of the African Development Bank (AfDB) in Abidjan, where the President of the AfDB, Dr. Akinwumi Adesina, will receive a special distinction for his accomplished mission at the helm of the AfDB in service of the African continent.
The CEO of Global Citirep is confident about his firm’s readiness to ensure that participating individuals, institutions, and governments realise full benefits from their single subscription, which guarantees participation in the two conferences.
Bello, a fellow of the Nigerian Guild of Editors (NGE), Nigerian Institute of Management (NIM) and member of the Nigerian Institute of Public Relations (NIPR) is on familiar terrain having been in the media, infrastructure development and communications space for over three decades.
As we commemorate the 2025 International Day of Education, Artificial Intelligence (AI) dominates global discussions—from policy debates to boardrooms. This year’s theme, “AI and Education: Preserving Human Agency in a World of Automation,” underscores both the promise and concerns AI presents. While AI drives productivity and innovation, it also raises fears about job displacement. One truth remains: automation-resistant skills begin with strong foundational learning—basic literacy, numeracy, and transferable skills like cognitive reasoning, analytical thinking, and socio-emotional development.
The World Economic Forum’s 2025 Future of Jobs Report highlights that as automation accelerates, uniquely human capabilities—analytical thinking, problem-solving, resilience, and leadership—will only grow in importance. These skills are the backbone of human agency in an increasingly automated world. As Africa continues to drive global workforce growth in the coming years, there is an urgent need to match this demand with quality supply. This process begins at the foundational level.
These higher-order cognitive and socio-emotional skills are not inherently innate; the evidence indicates that they are cultivated through early and consistent exposure to quality foundational learning. A 2011 Stanford University study led by Vinod Menon found that just one year of structured early math instruction significantly strengthened brain regions responsible for working memory and numerical processing. This neuroplasticity in early childhood forms the basis for more complex problem-solving and analytical thinking later in life.
Similarly, research by Mark T. Greenberg (2023), published by the Learning Policy Institute, found that Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) programmes improve academic performance while also enhancing resilience, emotional regulation, and pro-social behaviours.
The AI revolution strengthens the case for foundational education. Human agency in the AI era is not built in coding boot camps—it develops in pre-primary and primary school classrooms, where children first learn to decode text, understand numbers, and think critically. A child who learns to read with comprehension is not just acquiring a skill—they are building the cognitive foundation necessary to question, analyse, and shape their world. Similarly, mastering basic mathematics creates the mental frameworks needed to use, control, and develop technology, including AI, rather than being controlled by it.
The stakes could not be higher for Africa. With the continent poised to make the largest contribution to the global labour market due to its young and growing population, ensuring strong foundational skills becomes an economic necessity. We have observed leadership across the continent, with countries such as Rwanda and Mauritius publishing comprehensive national AI strategies and Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa pioneering AI applications in education. The African Union’s Artificial Intelligence Strategy also envisions us as leaders in technological innovation. But leadership requires human agency—the ability to shape, not just adapt to, technological change. Tackling AI risks, bridging the digital divide, and designing ethical AI systems all require the highest levels of human agency, which is predicated on structured investments in foundational learning.
The urgency of this challenge could not be understated: nine in 10 African children cannot read or do basic arithmetic by age 10 (World Bank, The State of Global Learning Poverty). In an era where AI can generate text, create images, and solve complex problems, these children risk becoming passive users of AI systems they cannot critically evaluate. This is not just a digital divide; it’s an agency divide that threatens to reinforce neo-colonial patterns of technological dependence.
The path forward is clear. African leaders must prioritize education at large—particularly foundational learning—as the bedrock of technological agency. Investing in foundational skills is not a trade-off between basic and advanced learning—it is the base upon which all future learning, including AI, is built. The evidence is clear: interventions such as Teaching-at-the-Right-Level (TaRL), which groups students by learning level rather than age to provide targeted instruction, and structured pedagogy programmes, which offer a systematic approach to teaching with scripted lessons, teacher training, and materials, can boost learning outcomes in early grades, deliver cost-savings, and in turn build uniquely human skills—such as analytical thinking, creative problem-solving, resilience, flexibility, and leadership. These skills will hold value in future labour markets and lay the cognitive foundation for technological empowerment.
While foundational learning is crucial, a holistic approach to education in the AI era will require broader interventions. I join the Foundational Learning Hub and partners to call upon African governments, donors, the private sector, and the broader education community to leverage the advancements in edtech and apply them to strengthen our educational systems further. To ensure the best results:
1. Ensure EdTech innovations uphold quality, equity, and privacy by grounding them in instructional rigour and evidence.
2. Integrate EdTech into government-led foundational learning programmes to enhance, not replace, quality teaching at scale.
3. African governments must prioritise the implementation of cost-efficient and proven pedagogical approaches like Structured Pedagogy and TARL; and provide an enabling environment for innovation and technology to support delivering them at scale.
4. Address connectivity and infrastructure challenges by developing scalable digital public infrastructure.
5. Embed digital literacy in curricula and equip teachers to teach with and about AI to maximise its impact.
6. Increase donor investment in foundational learning and AI-driven education solutions while strengthening the evidence base for effective innovation.
As AI advances, human agency must remain at the centre of Africa’s development. The question is no longer whether AI will transform the world—but whether Africa’s children will have the foundational skills to shape that transformation. The answer depends on what happens today in our primary school classrooms.
•Dr Ezekwesili is founder and CEO of Human Capital Africa.
The Federal Government has argued that Nigeria’s ‘soft power,’ ‘goodwill’ and voice in the international arena eminently qualify it to represent Africa in the United Nations Security Council.
The government stated that it was essential for Africa to have a seat in the council since ‘’about 60 per cent of the resolutions of the council bother on issues that have to do with the continent.’’
Foreign Affairs Minister Yusuf Tuggar stated this during a panel discussion on “Africa’s Momentum” at the World Economic Forum Summit in Davos, Sweden, on Tuesday.
Tuggar added in a statement yesterday by his media aide, Alkasim Abdulkadir, that it was unfair ‘’that many of the laws promulgated by the council have adverse implications for Africa.’’
The statement reads in part: “He (minister) also noted that many of the laws promulgated by the Council have adverse implications for Africa, including the deforestation law which bans the purchase of produce from deforested land in Africa while ignoring the technological companies that produce the machineries that enable deforestation on the continent.
“He further disclosed that Nigeria’s global outlook under President Bola Tinubu’s administration is premised on the accentuation of Nigeria’s strategic autonomy and non-alignment principle in its relations with the rest of the world.
“The discussion which featured other African leaders including the Foreign Ministers of Tunisia, Mohammed Ali Nafti, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Therese Kayikwamba Wagner, and the Ugandan Minister of Finance, Matia Kasaija, was moderated by the Director of Chatham House, Bronwen Maddox.
“The conversation also highlighted the role of Africa in global governance and the implications of the first 2025 G20 Summit scheduled to be held in South Africa.
“The G-20 summit in South Africa presents an opportunity for us to make a strong case, in the case of Nigeria becoming a G-20 member and of course, South Africa is a brotherly neighbour, we have strong ties.”
He also highlighted Nigeria’s role in not only supporting South Africa’s liberation from apartheid but in providing asylum to Thabo Mbeki during the years of South Africa’s struggle for liberation.
Enumerating Nigeria’s strength and qualifications and why it should lead Africa on the global stage, the minister added: “It is important for a country like Nigeria to be a member of the G20 because we are used to making a case for Africa, we have got a lot of goodwill, and we have got soft power.”
Tuggar also said that as part of its ‘soft power,’ Nigeria through its Technical Aid Corp sends volunteer professionals, including medical doctors, engineers, and university teachers to other African nations and Caribbean and Pacific countries to support their development.
He described Nigeria as a “non-threatening power’’ that is friendly with its neighbours and does not have land or boundary disputes them.
The minister added that Nigeria is the only African country with a permanent seat in the African Union’s Peace and Security Council.
He also called for the fulfilment of the promises made by developed nations to developing countries during the Rio Summit in Brazil especially with regards to the transfer of technology.
Africa’s public debt has skyrocketed by over 170% since 2010, driven by structural issues in the global debt architecture, domestic and global shocks and other factors that continue to hamper development across the continent. In 2023, African nations spent a staggering $74 billion on debt servicing, with over 20 countries already facing high-risk or debt distress. Poor debt management, along with an inequitable global financial system, has diverted crucial resources from infrastructure and development initiatives. Experts believe that new strategies being developed by the Debt Management Forum for Africa (DeMFA) could change this troubling trajectory, KELVIN OSA-OKUNBOR reports
A growing consensus is emerging among development partners, multilateral financial institutions, private sector stakeholders, and civil society organisations regarding the most effective strategies to address Africa’s escalating public debt crisis. Experts argue that any solution must consider the significant financial burden many African nations face in servicing debts owed to private creditors, foreign governments, and international financial institutions. These debt obligations are siphoning off critical resources that could otherwise be invested in much-needed infrastructure and social interventions to spur economic growth and development across the continent.
Investigations reveal that much of this debt was incurred during a prolonged period of low-interest rates in the global market. However, experts note that this favourable borrowing environment has shifted in the wake of fiscal consolidation policies implemented post-Covid-19. As a result, the financial landscape has changed, compounding the challenges faced by African economies in managing their debt while striving for sustainable development.
As a result, many African countries have found themselves navigating tighter global financial conditions, marked by elevated sovereign debt spreads and currency depreciations. These shifts have led to higher borrowing costs, effectively shutting out most countries with market access from international capital markets. In response to this growing crisis, the African Development Bank Group recently convened the Debt Management Forum for Africa (DeMFA) in Abuja, alongside its inaugural policy dialogue on “Making Debt Work for Africa: Policies, Practices, and Options.”
At the event, the Bank’s Vice President and Chief Economist for Economic Governance and Knowledge Management, Professor Kevin Chika Urama, shared his insights on the continent’s public debt challenges. Urama highlighted a worrying trend: the average sovereign debt spreads in Africa have surged to three times the emerging market average since the onset of the tightening cycle. Referring to the African Economic Outlook Report (AEO) 2024, Urama noted that African nations are expected to spend approximately $74 billion on debt servicing—up from just $17 billion in 2010. Of this amount, $40 billion is owed to private creditors, accounting for 54 percent of the total debt service.
Urama emphasised that the shift toward private creditors has brought both opportunities and significant challenges. For instance, African countries now face interest costs that are five times higher when borrowing from international capital markets compared to borrowing from multilateral development banks like the African Development Bank or the World Bank. Experts warn that using short-term, high-cost debt to finance long-term development projects could have serious implications for debt sustainability and may complicate future debt restructuring efforts in the medium to long term. Urama further underscored that the mounting debt burdens are placing significant pressure on public finances, diverting critical resources away from much-needed infrastructure investments. This, in turn, is stifling future GDP growth and hindering the broader economic transformation that many African countries urgently require.
At the forum, African Ministers of Finance collectively acknowledged that an increasing number of African nations are now facing unprecedented levels of debt distress. The situation, they argued, demands urgent and strategic interventions to avert further economic setbacks. The stark reality is that Africa’s public debt has surged by a staggering 170 percent since 2010, reaching an alarming $1.15 trillion by 2023.
Much of this debt was accumulated during a period of historically low interest rates in global markets at the turn of the century. However, the post-Covid-19 era has seen a sharp rise in debt servicing costs, compounded by structural issues within the global debt architecture, as well as recent global and domestic economic shocks. These factors, coupled with ongoing weaknesses in Africa’s macroeconomic fundamentals, have created a perfect storm, exacerbating the continent’s debt crisis and posing serious challenges to sustainable development. Urama highlighted the sharp rise in Africa’s debt service costs, which has led to a significant diversion of resources away from critical infrastructure investments, further constraining the continent’s potential for future GDP growth and economic transformation. Specifically, for 49 African countries, the average debt service cost has surged from 8.4 percent of GDP in the period between 2015 and 2019, to 12.7 percent between 2020 and 2022.
Currently, 22 African nations are either in or at high risk of debt distress, a significant increase from just 13 in 2010. Urama cautioned that refinancing risks could continue to rise, especially for countries with large bullet redemptions on the horizon. The Chief Economist emphasised the stark contrast between developed and developing nations in terms of debt sustainability. While developed countries can manage high levels of debt with relatively low servicing burdens, African nations—particularly the most vulnerable—are being forced to allocate an ever-growing share of their fiscal resources to servicing public debt. This shift is not only straining public finances but is also exacerbating poverty levels across the continent.
Amid these mounting debt challenges, external financial flows to Africa have also been negatively impacted by tightening global financial conditions, along with various domestic and international factors. These converging pressures further hinder the continent’s ability to address its development needs and economic stability. “Foreign direct investment (FDI), official development assistance (ODA), portfolio investment and remittances—fell by 19.4 per cent in 2022, reversing a strong immediate post-pandemic recovery in external flows. This leads to what I call the paradox of debt and development financing in Africa,” Urama said.
Urama highlighted the sharp rise in Africa’s debt service costs, which has led to a significant diversion of resources away from critical infrastructure investments, further constraining the continent’s potential for future GDP growth and economic transformation. Specifically, for 49 African countries, the average debt service cost has surged from 8.4 percent of GDP in the period between 2015 and 2019, to 12.7 percent between 2020 and 2022.
However, Urama stressed that the market failures within the global financing and debt architecture cannot be blamed entirely for Africa’s fiscal and debt challenges. He pointed out that there are significant domestic factors contributing to the high cost of capital that African countries must address. One of the key drivers, according to Urama, is corruption, which costs the continent an estimated $148 billion annually. In addition, about $90 billion leaves Africa each year through illicit financial flows, further draining resources that could otherwise be invested in the continent’s development. These issues, he argued, represent major obstacles that African nations must tackle if they are to create more sustainable fiscal policies and reduce their dependency on external debt.
“In total, some estimates show that African countries lose above $1.6 billion daily in capital outflows due to the combined effects of the high-risk premiums, international profit shifting, illicit financial flows, corruption, etc. Measured annually, this could reach about $587 billion – more than three times the total external financial inflows to Africa yearly. Plugging these leakages is therefore critical to addressing domestic resource mobilisation and debt sustainability challenges in Africa,” Urama said.
Dr. Anthony Simpasa, the Director of Macroeconomic Policy, Forecasting and Research at the African Development Bank (AfDB), emphasised that effective debt management has become increasingly crucial in responding to persistent economic challenges, building resilience and accelerating Africa’s development. He pointed out that Africa’s debt-to-GDP ratio has already reached 60 percent, while the region faces a public investment efficiency gap of 39 percent. This means that the funds borrowed are not being used effectively. In 2024 alone, African countries are expected to spend $174 billion on debt servicing—far exceeding the amount allocated to education. This represents 13 percent of gross revenue, compared to just 9.9 percent between 2015 and 2019. Simpasa argued that these funds, if better utilised, could have been invested in much-needed infrastructure and social programs, but instead, African countries are often borrowing just to service or refinance existing debt rather than financing development.
The frustration among African countries and their finance ministers is palpable, as they feel trapped in a cycle of debt. The more they strive to ease their burden, the higher the obstacles set by foreign creditors. Nigeria’s Director-General of the Debt Management Office, Patience Oniha, voiced her concerns about the role of credit rating agencies, which she argued often unfairly assess African countries as higher risk than they actually are. In a panel discussion on credit ratings in Africa, Oniha criticised the discretionary methods used by these agencies, which frequently leave African nations at a disadvantage, despite their lower risk profiles compared to other regions. “That means that the funds (borrowings) are not well utilised. We are talking of $174 billion in debt servicing in 2024, far more than the continent spends on education, 13 per cent of gross revenue, unlike 9.9 per cent between 2015 and 2019. That money could have gone into infrastructure and investment in social needs’ cost. African countries borrow to pay or refinance existing debt instead of financing development.”
Oniha further recalled that in 2022, Nigeria was downgraded by one of the three major credit rating agencies. She expressed concern that such downgrades, based on subjective assessments, often do not accurately reflect the true economic realities of African countries, and can exacerbate the financial challenges these nations face. Such ratings, she argued, contribute to higher borrowing costs and make it more difficult for countries like Nigeria to access international capital markets on favourable terms. “There was no review on their side. It was just based on our decision or announcement of bond exchange, which is just a risk management strategy and does not mean a default. And that was it. The discretionary element in their parameter is high, especially fuelled by their distrust in our ability,” she said.
Oniha also pointed out that the feedback from these credit rating agencies is often swift, with less than 24 hours given to respond, which she described as “just not fair.” She further noted that, despite the efforts made by African countries to address the concerns raised, these agencies rarely alter their positions, leaving nations in a difficult position.
Prof. Daniel Cash of Aston University in the UK added that unfair ratings are not a phenomenon exclusive to African countries. He observed that European nations had also faced similar challenges with credit ratings in the past, until they began conducting their own ratings within the continent, under their own regulatory frameworks. This shift, Cash argued, allowed for a more nuanced and balanced assessment of economic conditions, highlighting the potential for African countries to adopt similar approaches in the future. “You have to be pan-African in your approach. It is largely for Africans to support themselves in tackling this problem and not keep seeking help from outside,” Cash said.
Apparently in agreement, Urama said that enough African countries see credit rating agencies and foreign experts as gods. “What happens when a credit rating agency does not like the government? Is it just a question of bias? What of the intra-African biases among fellow African countries? We need to reduce biases among ourselves. We have instruments that can help us on this continent, but do we use them? We keep running to creditors’ experts for advice, but they will always do so on their own terms.
“Similarly, negotiations from African countries can be very frustrating. One country went to Copenhagen with a large entourage, and in the middle of the negotiation, the officials were busy shopping. Later, they came to ask, ‘Prof., have they finished?’ The truth is that negotiating debt on behalf of a country is a very serious assignment, and officials should take them responsibly.”
Patrick Mfungo, Assistant Director of Debt Contraction at Zambia’s Ministry of Finance, emphasised the importance of establishing a robust in-country legal framework for borrowing, as well as ensuring transparency throughout the process. He pointed out that while some creditors are not multilateral, they often demand to be treated as if they were during negotiations, complicating the terms and conditions for repayment. Mfungo argued that a clear, well-defined legal structure would help African countries navigate such complexities and promote greater accountability in their borrowing practices. “It is therefore important to review and update legal frameworks to guide this process. In Zambia, we have included the National Assembly in what we do. We have enacted new laws that make it statutory to sanitise borrowing plans and reject those that are not of maximum interest. It is part of the legal requirement to publish the debt report and make it public,” he said.
Dr. Eric Ogunleye, Director of the African Development Institute at the AfDB, highlighted the shared experiences discussed at the two-day forum, where African countries unanimously agreed on the urgent need for a dedicated Debt Management Forum for Africa (DeMFA). This forum would serve as a platform for regular policy dialogues, aimed at developing home-grown solutions to address the continent’s common debt challenges.
Ogunleye further noted that the AfDB is already actively supporting African countries in debt management. This includes initiatives such as the creation of an African Credit Rating Agency, capacity development programs, technical assistance, and training aimed at strengthening the debt management capabilities of African nations. Additionally, he mentioned that there had been discussions on leveraging the African Legal Support Facility, an initiative established by the AfDB to assist countries in fairly renegotiating their loans and ensuring more equitable outcomes in debt restructuring. “That is the facility they could fall back on to provide them with a legal framework and support to help them through a fair process. We all only need to leverage on what we have within instead of running to our creditors for help,” he said.
Overall, the discussions underscored the importance of prudent resource management, with a strong focus on the need for African countries to become more self-reliant by growing what they consume. The emphasis was on harnessing the continent’s natural endowments, adding value to its resources, and optimising the gains from these assets to finance current needs and promote long-term development. As the saying goes, “tax is debt that the public pays today; while debt is the tax the public pays tomorrow.” This highlights the critical balance between managing resources effectively and ensuring fiscal discipline. By maximising the use of local resources to meet immediate needs, African countries can mitigate the risks of excessive debt, safeguarding their economies from the future burdens of indebtedness and the associated economic hardships. The role of good fiscal governance is pivotal in ensuring that the continent’s wealth is leveraged in a sustainable and responsible manner.
Elizabeth Atekoja is an internationally acclaimed expert and innovator in digital transformation and innovator, whose leadership and expertise have spanned across multiple industries, including education, healthcare, and financial technology. Recognised as one of the trailblazers ino leveraging digital technologies to drive change, Atekoja’s outstanding contributions earned her the prestigious Tech Innovator by GAHAWARDs. In this write-up by EVELYN OSAGIE, x-rays Atekoja’s success story into the world of STEM and more.
The woman and her passion for technology
Elizabeth Atekoja is a digital transformation leader with a deep passion for innovation and emerging technologies. She sees herself as curious, compassionate, and ambitious. Her impressive career has earned her numerous accolades, most recently the prestigious Tech Innovator by GAHAWARDs in Nigeria, highlighting her leadership in reshaping the tech industry, with particular focus on the groundbreaking work she has done since founding FinancialRatesNG in 2020—designed to simplify financial decision-making for businesses and individuals in Nigeria. But what fuels her passion for technology and digital transformation?
Hear her: “I’m deeply passionate about innovation, emerging technologies, and digital transformation. These areas fuel my desire to create meaningful change, whether it’s through improving business operations, enhancing user experiences, or shaping the future of industries with cutting-edge technology. The ability to solve complex problems, push boundaries, and drive progress is what excites me the most. I’m also passionate about lifelong learning and personal growth. I believe that the journey of constantly evolving—both professionally and personally—is key to unlocking potential and making a real impact. This passion fuels my ambition to explore new ideas, adopt new skills, and stay ahead of industry trends.”
Being a woman, visionary leader
For her, being a woman, means embracing a unique blend of strength, empathy, and resilience. It’s about being multifaceted—someone who can lead with ambition and confidence while also nurturing relationships and showing compassion. As a woman, I believe in the power of continuously evolving, learning, and breaking barriers, both in my personal life and career.
She says: “It means being unapologetically myself – pursuing my passions, making an impact, and creating space for others to do the same. Being a woman is also about celebrating the diverse roles I play: as a mother, wife, professional, and individual. I’m proud of how these experiences shape me into someone who seeks to inspire others, lead with integrity, and foster a supportive environment for growth.
Ultimately, being a woman is about owning my journey, embracing my individuality, and supporting others along the way. It’s a beautiful balance of ambition, compassion, and self-awareness, all grounded in the belief that I can achieve anything I set my mind to. On a more personal level, I’m passionate about family, community, and nurturing relationships. These are the things that ground me and remind me of the importance of balance in life. Being a mother, a wife, and a mentor gives me a deeper sense of purpose and drives my desire to set an example of resilience, compassion, and determination for those around me. Ultimately, it’s the intersection of technology, personal growth, and meaningful connections that fuels my passions and motivates me every day.”
Growing up that impacted the woman I became
“Growing up in Shomolu, Lagos, I was fortunate to experience a blend of challenges and support that shaped the woman I am today. My parents instilled in me and my siblings the belief that there was nothing we couldn’t achieve with hard work, determination, and a positive mindset. They encouraged us to dream big and pursue our goals relentlessly, no matter the obstacles. This mindset has been a driving force in both my personal and professional journey.
“From a young age, I was taught to value resilience, curiosity, and empathy, which have become core principles in how I navigate challenges today. The experiences and lessons I learned growing up have influenced my passion for innovation and technology, as well as my commitment to leadership and progress. As I became a wife and mother, those early teachings remained with me, reminding me to balance ambition with compassion and to always strive for growth—both in my career and in my relationships. Growing up in Shomolu taught me to embrace every opportunity, face challenges head-on, and believe in my ability to create meaningful change.”
A career built on innovation, strategy
Atekoja’s career trajectory serves as a powerful example of how strategic thinking and innovation can drive business success in the digital age. Her ability to integrate cutting-edge technologies like cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and data analytics into business operations has positioned her as a thought leader in digital transformation. From leading pioneering projects in healthcare and education to implementing digital workplace solutions that improve operational efficiency, her leadership has transformed organisations, enabling them to adapt to the rapidly evolving digital landscape.
Throughout her career, Atekoja has demonstrated a remarkable capacity to balance innovation with practical execution. Her ability to provide clarity in an often-complex technological landscape has helped organisations not only embraces digital change but also thrive through it. She is known for fostering a culture of continuous innovation, where technology serves as an enabler for organisational growth and adaptability in an era of rapid digital transformation.
Atekoja’s journey into engineering and STEM
“I wish I could say that my journey into engineering and STEM stemmed from a deep curiosity or a strong desire to solve complex problems, but in reality, it was more of an unexpected turn. I graduated from the University of Lagos with a degree in Physics Education, initially thinking I would pursue a career in teaching or academia. However, my career path took a different direction when I started working in the financial services industry as a marketing executive. During this time, I found myself collaborating on technology projects and serving as a subject matter expert for technology innovation. These experiences sparked an interest in tech, even though I didn’t yet fully understand how it would fit into my career.”
Atekoja’s expertise is grounded in a rigorous academic background and a passion for learning. Her educational journey reflects her commitment to excellence and a deep curiosity about the intersection of technology and business. “I pursued my MBA in General Management, at Hull Business School, UK preparing myself to take on leadership and operational roles, but it wasn’t until I relocated to Canada that I realized how I could combine my technical knowledge with my business understanding. It was this realisation that helped me find my true purpose and passion. The shift allowed me to blend my diverse background in business, operations, and tech, creating a unique skill set that set me on a path toward digital transformation and innovation.
In the end, it was this unexpected journey that led me to discover how deeply I am passionate about technology, problem-solving, and making an impact in the ever-evolving world of STEM.”
In addition to her academic achievements, Atekoja has contributed extensively to the field through her publications, such as “Leading Digital Transformation: Filtering Through the Maze”.
Impact on the financial technology landscape
Over the years, her research has focused on the intersection of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, shedding light on how these technologies can be harnessed to solve real-world problems. In the same vein, her impact on the tech industry extends far beyond her leadership in traditional business sectors. Through her entrepreneurial venture and pioneering work in financial technology FinancialRatesNG, which was formally recognised with the Tech Innovator of the Year 2024 award at the GAHAWARDs, she has redefined how financial data can be utilised to empower businesses and individuals. This recognition not only highlights her technological innovation in the fintech space but also underscores her role as a catalyst for financial inclusion and empowerment.
In a country like Nigeria, where access to clear and reliable financial information is often limited, Atekoja’s platform, which provides real-time, transparent financial insights, empowering users to make informed decisions in an increasingly volatile and dynamic market, is bridging crucial gaps in financial accessibility and decision-making.
Atekoja’s work reflects her commitment to using digital tools to foster economic independence and improve the financial well-being of underserved communities.
Bridging the gender gaps in the digital space
Indeed, there are still gender disparities even in the digital or technology sector in Africa. For Atekoja, this is actually a global issue, but in the context of Africa, she posits that the underrepresentation of women in the digital and technology sector is influenced by a combination of cultural, social, and systemic factors. She also speaks of a movement in Africa creating a shift in the status quo for women in technology; while adding that Africa has the potential of creating a more inclusive and diverse industry that benefits everyone.
In her words: “Historically, African societies have been shaped by traditional gender roles that often steer women away from technical fields and limit their access to education and opportunities in STEM. This cultural bias is reinforced by stereotypes that associate men with technical skills and leadership roles, while women are often expected to pursue careers in caregiving, education, or other roles deemed more “appropriate.” Additionally, there are practical barriers such as limited access to quality education, especially for girls in rural areas, and a lack of resources to support young women who are interested in technology. In some cases, women may not have the same access to mentorship, networks, or funding opportunities to advance in the tech space. “These barriers can make it more difficult for women to break into and thrive in the industry. However, despite these challenges, there is a growing movement in Africa to encourage and support women in technology. Organisations, initiatives, and programmes are emerging to provide training, mentorship, and opportunities for young women to enter the tech world. I am excited about the possibility of collaborating with these organisations, working to bridge the gaps in this space. By addressing these barriers, promoting education in STEM, and celebrating female role models, Africa has the potential to increase the participation of women in the digital and technology sectors, creating a more inclusive and diverse industry that benefits everyone.”
President Bola Ahmed Tinubu is currently participating in the 2025 edition of Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week. As global focus shifts towards emerging economies, Africa is coming into the limelight as a key investment destination with ambitious potential. Being home to the world’s youngest and fastest-growing population that is forecast to almost double to 2.5 billion people by 2050, it represents the last remaining frontier market in terms of dynamism and growth, and its importance continues to rise for other countries, with the UAE being no exception.
The UAE-Africa economic partnership, shaped by geographical proximity, continues to grow, with the UAE having invested nearly $60 billion in the continent over the last decade. A key pillar of this economic relationship is trade, with Africa fast emerging as one of the UAE’s key markets. These trade ties are driven by mutual economic interests and strategic collaboration, reflecting both regions’ desire for economic growth and diversification.
During the past decade, the value of imports and exports between UAE and sub-Saharan Africa alone has increased by over 30%, with the Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) expected to accelerate this trend with the creation of a single unified market. Within this landscape of increased ties with Africa, the UAE aims to conclude more Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements (CEPAs) with countries in the continent. It has already completed talks with Kenya, Mauritius and the Republic of Congo, increasing access to the African market.
The UAE’s interest in East Africa has also increased as it seeks to establish commercial ties and ensure access across the strategic Bab al-Mandab Strait in the Red Sea. Additionally, the UAE has strategic interests in East Africa’s maritime and food security, as well as in its mineral resources.
Trade between the UAE and Africa has steadily increased over the years, with the total trade volume between the UAE and just six non-Arab African countries (Angola, Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia, South Africa and Tanzania) crossing $8 billion in 2020. While South Africa has historically been the UAE’s most important trading partner, other countries in the continent are now gaining importance. Nigeria is one example, featuring prominently as a destination for UAE exports and re-exports. Tanzania has also risen to prominence, with trade between the two countries having increased to USD 1.2 billion in 2020.
Trade between the UAE and the countries within the COMESA economic bloc has been growing in recent times. COMESA, the largest economic bloc in Africa, comprises 19 member states, including Burundi, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Eswatini, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The COMESA market is projected to become one of the most lucrative in Africa, with an estimated 600 million consumers by 2025. In 2019, UAE’s total trade with COMESA countries amounted to $47 billion (exports and imports). In 2022, the UAE was COMESA’s third largest export destination after China and Italy, with exports amounting to $17.6 billion, while imports from the UAE were even greater that year, reaching $21.6 billion.
The UAE aims to gain a large share of Africa’s resources, including oil and gas, mining, and agriculture. It also wants to consolidate its strong presence in transport infrastructure and logistics services while expanding into renewable energy, digital infrastructure, manufacturing ventures, and financial services. In the transport infrastructure and logistics services industry, the government of Dubai, in particular, has actively partnered with many African countries, with Dubai World having around 30 investment projects across Africa.
These include marine terminals in Djibouti, Algeria, Dakar (Senegal) and Maputo (Mozambique), wildlife reserves in Rwanda and South Africa, and a hotel project on the Comoros Island.
The UAE has significant investments in Africa’s mining sector. The country has invested substantially in copper-rich Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). While other Gulf countries have expressed interest in investing in the continent’s critical minerals industry, the UAE has been the first to actually acquire African mines. In 2022, the UAE and the Democratic Republic of the Congo formed a joint venture named Primera Gold, with the UAE holding a 55% stake and the DRC holding 45%. Within only 45 days, this venture successfully exported 207 kg of gold from the DRC to the UAE.
In March 2024, International Holding Company, an Emirati company, purchased a 51% stake in Zambia’s Mopani Copper Mines through its mining arm, International Resources Holding (IRH). The deal was closed for $1.1 billion. IRH has also made a bid for the Lubambe Copper Mine in Zambia. Ultimately, this is leading to more investment opportunities in Zambia and the continent, with the possibility of investing in other energy transition metals, including cobalt, nickel, manganese, graphite and the 3T minerals – tin, tungsten and tantalum.
In East Africa, which has a market of over 300 million people and a total GDP of over $300 billion, Kenya offers opportunities for investment in the agriculture, manufacturing, tourism and energy sectors. The country is a leading producer of agricultural products such as tea, coffee, fruits and vegetables. Within the agriculture sector, there is room for value addition, agro-processing, irrigation, and mechanization. Value addition can come through increased yields so that agricultural output matches that of global peers.
Kenya also offers opportunities in the technology sector, being a leader in innovation in Africa, and houses a dynamic start-up ecosystem and a sound digital infrastructure. The technology sector in Africa itself presents significant investment opportunities, with over a six-fold increase recorded in start-up funding over five years, with technology start-ups raising a record $5 billion in 2021. However, the total investment is still less than 1% of what US-based start-ups managed to raise during the same period, This emphasizes an investment funding gap that can be addressed by investors in the UAE and the wider Middle East.
Africa faces significant challenges in terms of digital development, including underdeveloped digital infrastructure and a lack of accessible and affordable connectivity. These challenges, in turn, present opportunities for investment in digital transformation, with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) estimating that over 600,000 formal businesses and 40 million microenterprises could benefit from technological advancement. The annual investment needs for infrastructure and digital transformation of businesses are expected to be around $6 billion and $2.7 billion respectively.
Over the past few years, Africa has seen more rapid expansion in digital infrastructure than any other region. Between 2010 and 2022, the international internet bandwidth utilized, which reflects the capacity of submarine cables, increased by approximately 50 percent annually. Despite this, an estimated investment of $21-32 billion in middle- and last-mile digital infrastructure is required to enhance access to high-speed internet and capitalize on the anticipated expansion of submarine cables by 2027.
The agriculture sector also presents economic collaboration opportunities for the UAE and Africa, with the former likely to benefit from synergies with African countries to further its food security goal. In this regard, the UAE is in the process of closing several land acquisition deals in Africa, which possesses the majority of the world’s unused agricultural land. In July last year, Dubai Investments and E20 Investment, an agribusiness investment firm based in Abu Dhabi, signed an agreement to develop a large plot of land in Angola. The partners plan to produce 28,000 tonnes of rice and 5,500 tonnes of avocados over the next 18 months on the land, which is equivalent in size to 9,300 football fields. Al Dahra, an Emirati agribusiness firm, has also been negotiating with Egypt to purchase or lease land in Toshka under a long-term agreement aimed at cultivating staple grain crops.
Regionally, Western Africa offers the largest market sizes for Renewable Resources and Alternative Energy opportunities, exceeding $1 billion. In order to overcome investment challenges in Africa, public-private partnerships (PPPs) need to be established. This is particularly important when addressing supply chain risks, which affect 28% of investment opportunities in Africa. Many African governments are struggling to bridge the energy infrastructure gap due to increasingly constrained fiscal capacities.
The COVID-19 pandemic, combined with the conflict in Ukraine, has further impeded their ability to finance infrastructure amidst rapidly escalating debt levels. In sub-Saharan Africa, the average debt ratio has markedly increased over the past decade, rising from 30% of GDP at the end of 2013 to nearly 60% by the end of 2022. As of 2022, over half of the low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa were at high risk of or already experiencing debt distress. Consequently, with Africa’s estimated annual energy infrastructure needs reaching up to $170 billion, PPPs are emerging as a vital resource for governments to advance their energy sectors.
Looking ahead, Africa’s ongoing digitalization offers a wide range of investment opportunities for both the public and private sectors. The continent also presents investment opportunities in the agriculture and energy sector, with renewables being the focus in the latter. Given that food security is high on the UAE’s political agenda, investments in Africa’s agriculture sector remain an area of priority.
The demands of the future require continued strategic investments in the continent, which will serve both the regions. Africa stands at the threshold of unprecedented growth and development, offering a wealth of investment opportunities across various sectors. For businesses and policymakers, now is the time to seize these emerging prospects to drive economic progress and foster sustainable development in the continent.
A strong passport can make international travel more seamless and provide greater access to the world.
Globally, some nations provide their citizens with more powerful passports, making travel easier and opening up broader opportunities for international connections.
According to the 2025 Henley Passport Index, Seychelles ranks as Africa’s most powerful passport, holding 25th place globally with access to 156 destinations. Mauritius follows in 29th place with 151 destinations, while South Africa is ranked 48th with access to 106 countries. Notable shifts include Namibia surpassing Lesotho for 5th place and Morocco replacing Tanzania in the top 10. These changes reflect ongoing efforts by African nations to improve global mobility through diplomatic relations and visa agreements.
Here are the top 10 Africa’s most powerful passports for 2025
1. Seychelles – Access to 156 Countries
Seychelles holds the top spot in Africa and ranks 25th globally, with visa-free access to 156 destinations. Its strong diplomatic relations enable citizens to travel freely across Europe, Asia, and the Americas, making it the most powerful passport on the continent.
2. Mauritius – Access to 151 Countries
Mauritius ranks second in Africa, 29th globally, offering visa-free access to 151 destinations. The country enjoys visa-free travel across Europe and Asia, supported by its focus on international trade and tourism, bolstering its diplomatic network.
3. South Africa – Access to 106 Countries
Ranked 48th globally and third in Africa, South Africa provides access to 106 visa-free destinations. Its economic influence and regional power ensure broad access to countries in Africa, Asia, and South America, making it a leading passport in sub-Saharan Africa.
4. Botswana – Access to 88 Countries
With a global ranking of 57 and visa-free access to 88 destinations, Botswana’s political stability and diplomatic efforts have enhanced its mobility, particularly within Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
5. Namibia – Access to 81 Countries
Namibia ranks 62nd globally, offering visa-free travel to 81 countries. The country’s strong bilateral relations, especially in tourism and diplomacy, ensure greater travel freedom for its citizens.
6. Lesotho – Access to 79 Countries
Ranked 64th globally, Lesotho provides visa-free access to 79 countries, including many in Africa and parts of Asia. Its agreements with neighboring nations and beyond contribute to its mobility despite its small size.
Ranked 65th globally, eSwatini’s passport allows visa-free access to 77 destinations, primarily within Africa, along with some countries in Europe and Asia. Strong regional cooperation plays a significant role in its global mobility.
8. Malawi – Access to 75 Countries
Malawi ranks 67th globally and provides access to 75 visa-free destinations. As its international presence grows, Malawi has secured agreements that enhance travel freedom, with access to key countries in Africa and parts of Asia.
9. Kenya – Access to 74 Countries
With 74 visa-free destinations, Kenya ranks 68th globally. Its regional importance and strong diplomatic ties with countries in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa contribute to its strong passport.
10. Morocco – Access to 73 Countries
Ranked 69th globally, Morocco’s strategic location and historical ties with Europe strengthen its passport. Moroccan citizens enjoy visa-free access to 73 countries, including parts of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.
