Tag: Boston

  • Hear Word takes over Boston

    Hear Word takes over Boston

    Monologue play ‘Hear Word,’ put together by Ifeoma Fafunwa, staging a second season at the prestigious American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, USA, as stated by the organizer was a sold out with it first two outing.

    The play started running from January 26 and will end with a grand finale on February 11, 2018.

    The play which had its US debut at the award-winning theatre on Harvard University campus last year is an anthology of monologues which tackles issues affecting Nigerian women today; a collection of generational stories about the political, social and cultural factors affecting and limiting the lives of Nigerian women.

    The play is co-written and directed by current Radcliffe Institute Fellow – Ifeoma Fafunwa.

    Since its Lagos debut in 2014, the show has continued to sell out seasons both at home and abroad.

    The play presented by 10 Nigerian women telling 20 powerful stories in one brilliant show features some of Nigeria’s best stage and screen actresses including; Taiwo Ajai Lycett, Joke Silva, Bimbo Akintola, Ufuoma McDermott, Elvina Ibru, Zara Udofia-Ejoh, Omonor, Rita Edward, Debbie Ohiri, Odenike, as well as master percussionists Blessing Idireri and Emeka Anokwuru.

  • Boston’s day of vigil for justice

    Boston’s day of vigil for justice

    “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.” — Wendell Phillips, (1811-1884) 

    Last Friday and Saturday, the entire world stayed glued to their satellite stations watching the CNN. They were eager to witness the denouement to the search for the surviving on-the-run suspect of the Boston Marathon bombing in the United States of America (USA). That night, the US system showed the entire world why its remains world’s number one country.

    Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 19, and his brother, Tamerlan, 26, from the same mother and both resident in the US, were the suspected masterminds of the dastardly act that claimed three lives, critically injuring 180 others near the finish line of that marathon race. Both of them were born in former Russian territory known as Kyrgyzstan and are of Chechen descent. In their bid to escape from justice, Tamerlan was killed in Watertown, Boston while Tsarnaev escaped on foot, albeit fleetingly. The manhunt for Tsarnaev brought out the best of America’s disdain for terrorism and her readiness to protect the sanctity of human lives and property in her territory.

    The FBI and the Watertown police launched a citywide lockdown by conducting a house-by-house search for the alleged killer. The federal and the Watertown police displayed professional agility and civilised disposition in the discharge of their police duties. They were well kitted with the best of police combat costumes as they drove round Watertown in armoured patrol vehicles. This must have informed the confidence and commitment displayed by these men.

    Their ceaseless security vigil since the day the bomb blast occurred became fruitful when Tsarnaev was eventually nabbed, after a brief gun duel with the police, in a tarp-covered boat he had been hiding in the backyard of a house. The Watertown police siege scenery was a reminder of what policing in Nigeria should be but which unfortunately, it is not. The kits adorned by the American police were procured with money and it is not as if this country does not have the funds to procure such. But corruption has been the greatest inhibition to our goal of attaining that security standard. The lives of those America police are insured against the hazards of their profession. Nothing of such is available for their Nigerian counterparts. Billions of naira is yearly budgeted for police equipment, welfare, training and overall national security but the money never gets down. Yet, we expect such policemen officers to be the veritable aegis for maintaining peace and security in our country.

    It would not happen because it is what is sown that would be reaped. That brings us down to the handling of Boko Haram insurgents in the country. Quite unlike what we all witnessed in Boston, the handling of the insurgents by the Nigerian police, military and intelligence agencies has been laughable. The handling of this intractable problem by security agencies has made mockery of the nation’s competence in making her territory a safe haven for inhabitants. Could the problem be that of waning motivation among security operatives? Could it be one of incompetence or even misplaced priority of how to handle security, especially police affairs in this country?

    For instance, the police institution that is the pride of the US has become an albatross in, especially, the northern part of the country today. Even the intervention of the military through the Joint Task Force (JTF) has exposed the military as suffering from the same official lethargy that has become the lot of the police and other security agencies in the country. At the same time the US police was commendably hunting for, before eventually apprehending Tsarnaev, the Nigerian military was struggling in a battle with the Boko Haram miscreants. At the end of that battle, not less than 185 lives were lost in the gun duel between the JTF and Boko Haram insurgents.

    Most of the people killed, according to reports, were women and children. About 2000 houses and more than 50 motorcycles were burnt in the commercial town of Baga, Kukawa Local Government Area of Borno State. Baga is a fishing town on the shore of Lake Chad adjacent to the Chadian border. It is a shame that a military general commanded JTF has not succeeded in its attempts to reclaim 10 local government areas in Borno State including Marte, Magumeri, Mobbar, Gubio, Guzamala, Abadamin, Kukawa, Kaga, Nganzai and Monguno that have been taken over by Boko Haram killer members. This exercise is a complete mockery of the essence of the Nigerian military which is to quell insurrection against the state that the Boko Haram is currently championing. Yet, Mr. President could not rescue the already bad situation.

    Sometime last year January, not less than 186 people were killed in coordinated attacks by Boko Haram fighters in Kano State. Tens of others were killed, even in military barracks, by the unscrupulous sect members in other northern states at different occasions without any clue being gotten by security agencies. The approach of government has always been like begging the issue without any concrete result coming out of bombings that have become routine in the country. Could this kind of things happen in the US for this long period without a solution being arrived at by the security agencies and the government, even if there is northern elite complicity as being insinuated in the current case in the country?

    Whilst President Barrack Obama rose to the occasion as witnessed in the Boston’s case in the US, President Goodluck Jonathan of Nigeria turned to his cliché of calling for an investigation into the matter. As usual in the latest Borno state Boko Haram shootouts with the military, he has ordered a powerful probe, that would be a shameful end to the incident. He sits in the comfort of Aso-Rock Presidential Villa, Abuja, from where he is demanding from Brig.-General Austin Edokpaye, Commander of JTF in Borno State, a comprehensive brief of what transpired which even when given to him, he most possibly would not act on. The question is: Will Obama take the same position if the Boko Haram were to be in America? The question is no! The American government would have wiped them out of its territory. That is a sign of a country with serious leadership focus of how its affairs must be administered. President Jonathan’s arm-chair Commander-in-Chief approach to security matters especially, has become serious embarrassment to credible citizens of this country. The venomous situation, currently witnessed in most parts and the displayed inefficient official disposition, cannot continue if the Nigerian project is still of importance to those in the corridors of power.

    Whether against Boko Haram insurgents, unscrupulous militants or even armed robbery/kidnappers siege, when is Nigeria going to witness the type of effectively triumphant security agencies that kept vigil for humanity in Watertown, Boston last weekend? This is a food for thought for all reasonable Nigerians within the country and in Diaspora that want the country to witness peace/stability. Eternal vigilance, as deployed by America in Boston, is truly the price of liberty – apologies to that great thinker, Wendell Phillips.

  • Boston bomb blasts

    Boston bomb blasts

    •Nigeria has many lessons to learn from its handling

    A marathon event in the city of Boston in the United States of America, turned tragic as two bombs exploded, killing three persons and injuring about 170 others, last week. Following the incident, many are wondering whether the anti-terrorism instincts of the United States’ security agencies are on the decline. For, in the aftermath of 9/11 in 2001, homeland security became of utmost importance to the US; while it also spread its tentacles across the world, to tame the enemy far away from its homeland. Unfortunately, the Boston tragedy reconfirms that the world is still very unsafe for all, including the United States.

    But the US’ reaction to the incident has been true to character. Within a matter of days, the security agencies were able to narrow the possible culprits. Also, there are daily briefs about the efforts being made to apprehend those responsible for the bombing. The American President, Barack Obama, in an address, boasted that the perpetrators of the crime would be found and punished. He called it “a heinous and cowardly act”, and while acknowledging that they do not know whether it was planned and executed by a terrorist organisation, he emphasised that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was investigating it as an act of terrorism.

    From developments, the country is making a steady progress on the matter, with the arraignment Monday, of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, one of the suspects. His suspected accomplice, Tamerlan, who was also his elder brother, was killed during a firefight with the police. Naturally, many Nigerians would wish that their government exhibit similar speed, each time the country is attacked. The Nigerian situation is even more pathetic, considering the more severe security challenges facing the country. Unlike in Nigeria, after the attack, the American political and security agencies immediately seized the media space to assure their citizens of the intervention of the state to provide succour for the victims and punishment for the culprits.

    There has also been a noticeable cooperation between the agencies of government. Interestingly, in America, there are the federal, state and community police, yet they are working in harmony. There have not been any clashes between the FBI, the preeminent federal police authority in the country and other agencies; neither are there conflicting reports as to who is doing what, and the results that are achieved. It is this cooperation that has paid off, leading to significant inroads in unravelling the suspects.

    Comparatively, in Nigeria, we see the Nigerian Police, and the State Security Service, constantly contending for space, and achieving clearly conflicting results, while investigating the same matter.

    Another interesting development noticeable from the Boston tragedy is the reaction of the citizenry following the attack. Even before the fire service and security agencies came to the scene of the blasts, the citizens had mobilised. As if primed for such emergencies, the cameras caught many running in to help the injured, immediately the bombs went off. Unfortunately again in our country, scenes of tragedy sometimes are invaded by an unhelpful crowd and those who are more interested in what they can steal from the victims. No doubt, Nigerians are not effectively mobilised or trained to helpfully react to tragedies.

    It is also important to observe that anti-Americanism in significant parts of the world is not in retreat despite the military capacity and preeminence the country currently enjoys. Many would think that with the killing of the Al-Qaeda leader, Osama bin Ladin, the Libyan strongman, Muammar Ghaddafi, and the Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein, terrorism against the United States would end. Unfortunately, the recent killing of the American Ambassador to Libya and this Boston bomb attack, confirm that the crises continue to mutate.

    As Nigerians, we join in the grief of the United States, and hope that our agencies would learn lessons from the terror attack, in dealing with our own security challenges.

  • Lessons from Boston; 2020 or 3030?  Crisis of leadership, where is the love?

    Lessons from Boston; 2020 or 3030? Crisis of leadership, where is the love?

    kudos to American law enforcement and citizens’ response in the Boston bombings. Federal Nigerian budgetary authorities take note. Security costs big money in the budget and not security ‘votes’ that are stolen! Enough of police and political ‘security vote’ corruption. We have enough fingerprints from our repeated ID cards and voters’ cards, and mug shots from passports and SIM registration for a Nigerian National Police Database and you say there is unemployment. Who is afraid of being caught?

    Here we are struggling to become among the world’s leading economies by 3030. Ups, sorry. I meant to type‘2020’, but my computer chose ‘3030’. Certainly it seemed it will be 3030 to me, in darkness all weekend, my ‘generator finally dying’. It is unimaginable incompetence that 52 years after independence and ‘self-ownership’, with no colonialist to blame, we have merely 2,000 to 4,000Mw while aides, governors, ministers, politicians, contractors and civil servants take home stolen billions. Our current 2,000-4,000Mw in Nigeria is the power to a small western city. Abroad they talk in Terawatt which is 1,000Gigawatt. A Gigawatt which is 1,000Megawatt. A Megawatt which is 1,000Kilowatt. Every government in the last 40 years has failed in power. They also abandoned roads, water and education. It has taken 40 years to ‘consider’ a second Niger Bridge and 30 years to repair expressways. Schools still have no books! What is the level of incompetence – 80 or 100%? The Japanese love their people and replaced the Fukushima nuclear plant losses in three months using companies which provide urgent power through generator ships and large land generators connected to the local grid. We could have done this, years ago. Giant generators consume far less than the million+ generators in Nigeria from ‘I fine pass my neighbour’ to the 1,000KVa VIP giants powering the President, his men and women, NASS and country homes and governors, first ladies, assembly men and civil servants. If Nigeria had a people-loving leadership there would be 100,000Mw now. It is a multiple failure of power policy, commitment of professionalism, political will, competence and a power failure of love. Ultimately it is brain failure and malicious failure of responsibility. Mass transit, mass power supply are better than mono-transit like the lethal motorcycles and dangerous power sourced from belching generators and substitute power in 40 million Nigeria homes and hovels. No love!

    The economic losses in family, business and intellectual activities from political incompetence can be calculated by NISER and departments of Social Sciences. The sheer magnitude can only be realised if you, the reader, add up how many 25 litre kegs, filled to 30 litres, are used daily in your home, office, street, estate, office block, by government officials and NASS homes and offices, by your factories and those near you. Multiply that by 365 and then by N4000/keg to get the cost of government incompetence. Your tax pays for political home and office generator and you cannot even get a tax rebate for the losses you encounter paying for power substitution at home. Then add the cost of purchase and maintenance of every generator. Trillions! No Nigerian escapes paying.

    Imagine what you would have done annually, times 30 years, with that extra money in your family and office pocket! Add to that the cost of darkness and powerlessness. Your family cannot function optimally and does not read at night with resultant loss of academic potential. Many homes have been broken because the husband has proved ‘inadequate in the power supply area’ and unable to provide ‘one keg of fuel/day and four/weekend’ – a status symbol. You lose business. Business costs are too high. In fact the tax man has no right to take anything until he gives a ‘fuel allowance’ for your home and office- government officials get this free. The people making the money are the generator sellers and maintenance staff, the fuel billionaires and those bribed to keep power off the grid. Through government incompetence we have been unable to refine our fuel in our refineries. But here comes, yes of course and just in time, a brand new Dangote Refinery to the ‘rescue’ us, just as he ‘rescued’ the falling price of flour, sugar and cement, abi? Na waya o! Sometimes the cure is worse than the disease. Do we want power and fuel rescue again by Dangote billions? Do we pay another heavy price for the Dangote touch?

    No other leadership in Africa, at war with itself or neighbours, and with such large resources as we have in Nigeria will allow its peoples to suffer so much from the lack of supply of the third element of civilisation –electric power- third only to air and water. Water has gone and the air may be threatened. Can we have a leader who is willing to surgically excise political profligacy and introduce part-time legislation houses? The surgeon has to operate on a family member to save the nation.

    Under the burden of a blighted leadership and its ‘CINS: Corruption, Incompetence, Neglect and Selfishness’ a generation of Nigerians has been led badly and has missed out on Nigeria being great. Will Nigeria disintegrate? Amalgamation celebrations and ‘De-amalgamation’ debates loom. The gum cannot be forced to work. It is love that will bind us, nothing more, nothing less. Bombs and political bombast will disintegrate us. No matter how evil you are, do some good or Nigeria will be destroyed and die!

  • Boston bombers will be found – Obama

    Boston bombers will be found – Obama

    A memorial  service was held on Thursday  in honour of victims of the Boston marathon blast with President Barack Obama vowing  that the bombers would be found and held “accountable”.

    “Yes, we will find you, and yes, you will face justice,” Obama told the  special service in the city where  two bombs killed three people and injured about 180.

    “We will find you, we will hold you accountable,” he added in a keynote speech on a special visit to show national solidarity with what he called “one of the world’s great cities.”

    “If they sought to intimidate us, to terrorize us,” Obama said, then “it should be pretty clear by now that they picked the wrong city to do it.”

    The US leader was given several ovations by the 2,000-strong congregation in Boston’s Cathedral of the Holy Cross, which included relatives of the dead, rescuers who helped victims and political leaders.

    Nasser Wedaddy, chief of the New England Interfaith Council, spoke for American Muslims and highlighted how the Koran says that killing one person “is like killing all mankind.”

    Wedaddy told how he experienced a car bomb while living in Damascus as a child. “What happened on Monday has shocked and horrified us, but it has also brought us together,” he said in a message carefully prepared by Muslim community leaders who fear a backlash if the attackers are found to be militant Islamists.

    The archbishop of Boston, Cardinal Sean Patrick O’Malley, read a message from Pope Francis in which he said the people of the city should keep “working together to build an even more just, free and secure society.”

    Acclaimed cellist Yo-Yo Ma played with a choir of teenagers, some of whom fought back tears as they sang for the service.

    Obama has vowed a relentless hunt for the attackers and authorities say they want to speak to individuals captured in surveillance camera images around the marathon finish line that was devastated by the pressure cooker bombs.

  • Tales of horror from the Boston Marathon bombings

    Tales of horror from the Boston Marathon bombings

    Two days after the Boston Marathon bombings, the facts are being pieced together. Men, women and children are conting their losses

     

    An eight-year-old boy waiting at the finish line to give his father a hug was among three people killed and more than 152 injured when two explosions rocked the Boston Marathon in the worst terrorist atrocity since 9/11.

    Martin Richard died after bombs hidden in trash cans were detonated within 12 seconds of each other during the Patriots’ Day bank holiday on Monday, sending terrified runners and spectators fleeing for their lives and leaving a scene of ‘unspeakable horror’.

    A second victim, Krystel Campell, who was there to cheer up her boyfriend to success, was identified yesterday.

    Her father was earlier told she was alive by doctors who mistook her for her friend. The 29-year-old was always attending the marathon.

    Boston police closed off the city as a ‘danger zone’ as witnesses described seeing body parts flying through the air and shoes that ‘still had flesh in them’ in an attack that has sent shockwaves across the world.

    Seventeen of the injured are in a critical condition and CNN reported that at least 10 victims have needed amputations.

    At least eight of the wounded are thought to be children, including a two-year-old boy who suffered a head injury.

    Another was 11-year-old Aaron Hern, of Martinez, California, who was hit by flying shrapnel in his thigh as he waited for his mother to cross the finish line. He is being treated at Boston Children’s Hospital and is expected to undergo further surgeries.

    Yesterday, as the United States remained on full alert, President Barack Obama vowed to hunt down the culprits and ‘hold them accountable’.

    Investigators do not know of a motive for the bombers, nor do they have a specific suspect. But last night detectives raided a Boston home after a man, said to be of Saudi origin, was arrested at the scene for acting suspiciously and taken to hospital, where he was treated for burns and shrapnel wounds.

    Startling video footage showed an explosion going off in the heart of the crowd that had lined the streets of the Massachusetts city yesterday to watch the famous sporting event.

    After the twin detonations ripped through the cheering crowds, one witness told CNN that it ‘felt like a huge cannon’ and other described horrifying scenes of screaming spectators, missing limbs and unresponsive bodies.

    ‘In 28 years, this is definitely the worst I’ve seen,’ said District Fire Chief Ron Harrington of the Boston Fire Department’s District 3 to NBC News.

    ‘Bodies and body parts. Blood all over. A little boy lying in the street. A young woman in her twenties. Both dead. It was mayhem. I saw two people with arms hanging loose, and one without a leg. A shoe with flesh still in it.’

    According to the Boston Globe, Martin Richard, from Dorchester, Massachusetts, may very nearly have cheated death after walking out to embrace his father Bill Richard as he went to cross the finishing line.

    But when Mr Richard walked on, the youngster turned back to rejoin his mother and two of his siblings just as the first bomb exploded.

    His six-year-old sister lost a leg in the blast and his mother Denise is in hospital after undergoing brain surgery. Martin’s older brother, believed to be in the fifth grade, escaped injury.

    According to 7News, a candle was lit outside the family home and the word ‘Peace’ written on the pavement.

    Mr Richard is understood to be a popular community leader in the Boston suburb. Martin was a keen baseball player and was a member of Savin Hill Little League team. On Twitter, Maeve O Brien called him ‘the sweetest little boy I’ve ever met.’

    As the FBI took over the investigation, authorities shared no information about a motive or who may have carried out the bombings, and police said they did not have any suspects in custody.

    Officials said there was no immediate claim of responsibility, while an official told CNN that there was no surveillance footage of the bombs being planted.

    But on Monday night, 20 police and federal officials, including members of the bomb squad raided a Boston area apartment.

    A source confirmed that a large police presence at a home in Revere was related to the Boston Marathon bombings. Marcus Worthington, 24, a resident in the building said no one from the police or FBI has told him what is happening.

    Boston Police Crime Scene Response unit arrived and two members of that unit took several brown paper bags, normally used to store evidence taken from the scene, into the building and left with them full afterwards.

    On Monday, the FBI, announced that they were searching for a man they described as having dark skin, wearing black clothes and a black back-pack who tried to gain entry into a restricted area during the marathon.

    It was also reported that he may have had a foreign accent.

    The raid came after a Saudi national, who is being treated for burns and shrapnel wounds at hospital, was arrested at the scene.

    He had been tackled by a civilian who believed he was acting suspiciously, and he was being interviewed by the FBI. He was being cooperative and denying any involvement.

    Initially counter-terrorism sources in the city believed that seven devices were planted across the city – but only two detonated.

    A senior U.S. intelligence official told the Associated Press that as many as two unexploded bombs were also found near the end of the course as part of what appeared to be a well-coordinated attack, but they were safely disarmed.

    A law-enforcement official said late on Monday evening that investigators believe other packages were simply left behind as runners and pedestrians rushed away from the scene in the aftermath of the blasts.

    A federal law enforcement official told CNN that both bombs which detonated at the Boston finish line were small, and initial tests showed no C-4 or other high-grade explosive was used – indicating they were crude devices.

    At an evening briefing, officials said the National Guard had cordoned off the area to preserve evidence.

    “I am not prepared to say we are at ease at this point in time,” sad Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis according to NBC News.

    Boston police initially issued an alert for a rental van that may have sought access to the marathon route, and then another alert for a man wearing dark clothing and a hood who was seen leaving the scene of the blasts.

    The two bombs raised the spectre that terrorism has struck again in the U.S.

    In Washington, President Barack Obama vowed during an address to the nation just after 6 p.m. on Monday that, “any responsible individuals, any responsible groups, will feel the full weight of justice.”

    Boston “is a tough and resilient town,” he said, adding that Americans will stand by Bostonians “every single step of the way.”

    After the twin detonations ripped through the cheering crowds, witnesses described the horror.

    The fiery twin blasts took place about 12 seconds and about 100 yards apart, knocking spectators and at least one runner off their feet, shattering windows and sending dense plumes of smoke rising over the street and through the fluttering national flags lining the route.

    Blood stained the pavement, and huge shards were missing from window panes as high as three stories.

    The explosions ripped into an idyllic afternoon finish for the marathon. The first men had passed the finish line 2 hours and 10 minutes after the staggered start, and the first women crossed just 16 minutes later.

    The first blast sent a quick plume of smoke two stories high. Runners nearby stopped in their tracks, confused and unsure. After a few seconds later, a second explosion happened a half-block away, with a deep boom caught on television cameras.

    Emergency personnel rushed to the area, and the street was quickly sealed off.

    “I saw it go off and smoke billowed up. Everyone just stopped and hunched down,” said Pam Ledtke, 51, from Indianapolis, who was about 75 yards from the finish line when the explosions went off. ‘They didn’t know what to do. All of a sudden, people were screaming.’

    One doctor, Allan Panter, stood near to the finish line said he was 25-feet away from the first blast when it detonated.

    ‘I saw at least six to seven people down next to me,’ he said. ‘They protected me from the blast. One lady expired. One gentleman lost both his (lower) limbs. Most of the injuries were lower extremities.’

    Nickilynn Estologa, a nursing student who was volunteering in a block-long medical tent designed to treat fatigued runners, said five to six victims immediately staggered inside. Several were children; one was in his 60s.

    “Some were bleeding from the head, they had glass shards in their skin,” she said.

    “One person had the flesh gone from his leg; it was just hanging there.” Another woman, she added, was lying on a gurney as emergency personnel raced through the tent, giving her CPR.

    “I just can’t believe anyone would do something like this,’ Estologa said.

    “I saw two explosions,” reported Boston Herald journalist Chris Cassidy, who was running in the marathon. “The first one was beyond the finish line. I heard a loud bang and I saw smoke rising.”

    Veteran marathon runner Bill Iffrig, 78, was almost at the finish when ‘the shock waves just hit my whole body and my legs just started jittering around.’

    Medical officials have said that at least 10 injured people had limbs amputated and several of the patients treated at Massachusetts General Hospital suffered injuries to lower limbs that will require ‘serial operations’ in the coming days, trauma surgeon Peter Fagenholz said on Monday night to CNN.

    Dr Ron Walls, chair of emergency medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, told ABC News that he had not identified any shrapnel, such as ball bearings, but saw a lot of ‘street stuff’ that had injured their patients.

    “Rocks, bits of metal, soda cans, anything that is really close to a blast like that can be fragmented,” he said. “Everything we saw was ordinary material that could have been propelled by the device.”

    Boston Children’s Hospital received eight patients injured at the explosion at the Boston Marathon. Patients’ conditions ranged from good to serious. There were no patient deaths among the patients brought to Boston Children’s from the scene.

    Their patients included a 2-year-old-boy with a head injury who has been admitted to the Medical/Surgical ICU, a a 9-year-old girl with leg trauma who was sent to the operating room and a 12-year-old boy with a femur fracture. The condition of these children currently is not known.