Tag: Breast Milk

  • What breast milk seeks to put asunder

    What breast milk seeks to put asunder

    Shortly before my copy of Fatima Bala’s ‘Broken Not A Halal Love Story’ arrived from Lagos, the city where saints and sinners are difficult to differentiate, I saw a Qatari movie, ‘Honeymoonish’, on Netflix. A major conflict in the movie centers around a man whose aunt discourages from having sex with his wife because they might be siblings, not biological, but siblings because the mother of one of them was suspected to have breastfed the other during some babysitting sessions. It’s not Islamic for a boy and a girl in such situation to marry each other. It was a revelation to me and I felt only Muslims outside Nigeria obey this injunction until I came across it in ‘Broken Not A Halal Love Story’, a heart-wrenching x-ray of religion-cum-tradition and their effects on matters of the heart and of the mind.

    Fatima Bala, with this book, offers insights into Islam but in manners that neither impugn prose nor pacing. It is not out of place to describe the novel as a crash course on this widespread religion, and it sparkles in ways that show clearly that the version being bandied by fundamentalists isn’t Islam but an aberration. It also gives great insights into the Hausa culture and traditions, which over the centuries have been under the overwhelming impact of Islam. This book has more surprises for people out of that part of Nigeria.

    It is told largely in first person from Fai’za’s point of view, and in a few chapters in third person from Ahmad’s point of view.

    In this novel that takes us from Abuja to Toronto, Milan and Kano, Fatima Bala’s imperfect Muslims find out that in the clash between obeying religious injunctions and letting human nature prevail, there are always casualties.  

    Fatima Bala starts the book starts on a tension-soaked September 2016 morning in Abuja, where a lady is refusing to talk to a man who seems to have a lot to say. The lady’s mother’s appearance provides her the excuse to escape from the scene and we find ourselves escaping into one scene after the other, with a throw back to six years back. We quickly know that this novel about choice and identity among many other things follows Fai’za Mohammed, a Northern Nigeria Muslim girl from a conservative home, and Ahmad Babangida, a sophisticated Muslim aristocrat. Fai’za is raised to always be mindful of public reactions to everything she does. Handsome Ahmad ‘forces’ her to query values she has held dear since childhood, including pre-marital sex. The tension of Ahmad’s electrifying effects on her fast-paces the plot and leaves us racing along with these lovebirds.

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    The subplot that involves Afreen and Zafar is one that drives the main plot and further enlarges the cycle of flawed characters whose hearts and minds are entangled in battle royale.

    The book examines other issues such as disparity in the raising of boys and girls, including how boys have freedoms girls can only dream of. Religion, faith, sexuality, heartbreak and more are also examined in manners that balance Muslim and non-Muslim readers’ sensibilities. The author punches patriarchy and raises posers about why conservative societies always ask: “why was she alone with him?” instead of “why did he do that to her?” And there is this related and germane viewpoint: “Nowhere in the Qur’an did it say that sins would be judged in accordance with one’s gender. Yet, in our culture and tradition, many Muslim rites were only applicable to women.”

    We see the interesting dynamics of the relationship between girls from the North and their mothers and how so different it is between mothers and sons. We also have a glimpse of what it is like between fathers and sons and daughters and fathers.

    The author shows us what the lives of educated and rich Nigerians from the North looks like, and the images that emerge are not only exquisite but alluring.

    Reading the bits about wedding and marriage in the North is educating. It was quite a revelation that brides don’t attend their own Nikkah and parents play domineering roles in their children’s choices of life partners. Interesting. It’s refreshing finding out that there is room for a father to give out his daughter in marriage and there is also another route different from this. 

    If you’re curious about what the Islamic injunction against marriage of a man and a woman suckled by the same woman has to do with this book in which by the time the author returns us to 2016 Abuja, the novel’s takeoff point, Ahmad is set to marry Sakina, the answer is in the book. And if you also want to know how come two people were suckled by the same woman since they aren’t from the same mother, the answer is in the book, and these answers drive this sweet read. All I will tell you is that Fatima Bala resolves the conflict in a remarkable manner, manner so outstanding, so grounded you are left with only one choice and that choice is to give her her flowers. 

    I also need to point this out: Clever Fatima Bala doesn’t orchestrate events to suit plot development; way before a revelation, veiled references are made, but because of the wisdom behind their presentations, they come across as ordinary until the moments of truth or revelation beckon, leaving a reader saying “no wonder he did or said that”.

    Fatima Bala’s writing in ‘Broken’ is one I gulped slowly like a crazily-chilled water; I chewed it like akara just off hot vegetable oil; and I digested it with the patience of a man after a beautiful woman playing hard to get. In a nutshell, this book is a great read because the author demonstrates that fiction isn’t just fiction as it often brings out sociological facts in interesting ways and forces us to be educated even when all we set out to have is just some fun.

    Permit me to say this book, as the subtitle warns, contains scenes that aren’t halal, scenes that are hot, scenes that will make you scream “haba, haha Alhaja Fatima”!

    My final take: Injunctions can be hard to obey, but often they help to escape being in a cul-de-sac. Like laws that are meant to minimise chaos and engender peaceful coexistence, injunctions are necessities.

  • ‘Appropriate feeding practices for children lacking in Nigeria’

    A group, Wellbeing Foundation Africa (WFA), on Monday said appropriate feeding practices for children was still lacking among Nigerians, thus bringing about the prevalence of malnutrition in the country.

    The organisation’s Communications Lead, Mr Joseph Jikeme, made this known in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Lagos.

    Jikeme spoke against the backdrop of the International Children’s Day of Broadcasting, marked annually on March 3 with the theme: “End Malnutrition: Protect the Future of the Nigerian Child ”.

    According to him, research identifies cultural beliefs of giving children other foods, especially water, during the first six months of life, thereby preventing exclusive breastfeeding of infants, as gaps in addressing malnutrition.

    “Malnutrition is fast becoming endemic in Nigeria; it accounted for more than 50 per cent of under-five mortality in Nigeria, with the infant mortality as high as 103 per 1,000 live births.

    “Although, Nigeria is often seen to be blessed with various foods across the regions of the country, it has become clear that appropriate feeding practices for children is lacking among its people.

    “Breast milk is important to the proper growth and development of infants, as it contains the nutrients and antibodies needed by infants to grow strong and healthy.

    “However, local culture, religious beliefs and unethical medical practices have plagued the effective breastfeeding of children, over the last few decades.

    “This is resulting in higher rates of wasting from acute undernutrition, stunting, and underweight in children across the country,” Jikeme said.

    He said that in spite of the continuous education of mothers, significant third party individuals with the family and community often became a hindrance to mothers, practicing exclusive breastfeeding.

    According to him, research has also identified that working mothers are usually unable to exclusively breastfeed their children within the first six months, due to their jobs and busy work life.

    “Other significant gaps include desire of mothers to maintain the shape of their breasts for beauty purposes; the belief that breast milk substitutes imply the financial capacity of parents to care for their children.

    “Also, the unethical practice of encouraging mothers to feed their children with breast milk substitutes by medical personnel; and oftentimes, the belief that breast milk alone is not satisfactory enough to feed babies.

    “For children of over six months of age, proper complimentary feeding is often lacking, as children are fed with meals containing one food group,” the communications lead said.

    Jikeme said that optimal breastfeeding could be achieved when mothers were properly educated on the importance of breastfeeding and supported by efficient policy structures that improved breastfeeding practices.

    He said there was need for the Nigerian Labour Law to be amended to emphasise a six-month maternity leave for mothers, in both public and private sectors, as had been adopted in some states for their public sector workers.

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    “The country can further achieve optimal breastfeeding by providing breastfeeding-friendly workplaces in the public and private sectors that support breastfeeding breaks.

    “This is to include facilities such as breastfeeding rooms, on-site creches, and flexible work hours for mothers.

    “Private sector employers can be given incentives with tax breaks, to encourage baby friendly workplaces and six months maternity leave; and mother should be guaranteed their jobs on return from maternity leave.

    “Malnutrition can be ended in Nigeria, with the implementation of key strategies.

    “Promoting exclusive breastfeeding for infants will help promote healthy growth and development, and proper complimentary feeding will also ensure that every child grows properly.

    “This can only be achieved with an inclusive stakeholders’ action, that includes the mothers, fathers, extended family members and community members, government and medical facilities.

    “They all play an active role in ensuring that babies are properly breastfed and grow healthy,” Jikeme said. (NAN)

  • Breast milk, complementary feeding can prevent malnutrition

    Breast milk, complementary feeding can prevent malnutrition

    The United Nations’ Children Fund (UNICEF) said malnutrition is on the rise among Nigerian children, especially in the Southwest. OYEYEMI GBENGA-MUSTAPHA writes that proper breastfeeding with stable food can checkmate this trend.

    According to the United Nations’ Children Fund (UNICEF), malnutrition occurs when an individual does not get required nutrients from food. Children and infants are always at an increased risk of malnutrition. Children suffer from malnutrition as they need more energy and nutrients during their growth and development period. Malnutrition can have short- and long-term effects on children and infants’ health. Hence, it is important to know about certain types of food that help in prevention of malnutrition.

     

    What problems does malnutrition cause?          

     

    According to UNICEF’s Nutritionist Specialist, Akure Office in Ondo State, Dr Ada Ezeogu, there are many side effects of not feeding well in children, especially wasting and stunting.

    Others are unintentional weight loss, tiredness and fatigue, muscle weakness, depression, poor memory, weak immune system, anemia, stunted growth, skin infections, hair loss, prolonged diarrhea and renal failure.

    “While stunting is a life sentence, wasting is a death sentence. Stunting, or low height for age, indicating chronic under nutrition is caused by long-term insufficient nutrient intake and frequent infections. Stunting generally occurs before age two, and effects are largely irreversible. These include delayed motor development, impaired cognitive function and poor school performance. Stunting is a failure to achieve one’s own genetic potential for height. It is a manifestation of the severe, irreversible physical and cognitive damage caused by chronic malnutrition early in a child’s life- often beginning before birth. While, wasting is low weight for length/height,” she explained.

    Dr Ezeogu said stunting is happening to 43.6 per cent of the estimated 40 million Nigerian children under the age of five (from an estimated population of 197 million) an estimated 17 million children in Nigeria under the age of five, have their bodies and minds limited by stunting. For Southwest, which has stunting rate of 19.4 per cent, the estimated number of under-five children stunted is 1.5 million. Childhood stunting is one of the most significant barriers to human development.

    According to her,  stunted children have suffered from chronic malnutrition early in their lives as a result of repeated infections, poor feeding practices and inadequate nutrition, which prevent babies and young children from getting the nutrients they need to thrive.

    “An estimated 20 per cent of stunting begins in the womb, with a mother, who is malnourished and is not getting enough nutrition she needs to support her baby’s growth and development during pregnancy. The effects of stunting last a lifetime. They include; impaired brain development, lower Intelligence Quotient (IQ), weakened immune systems and greater risk of serious diseases such as diabetes and cancer later in life.

    Stunting is almost always irreversible, but can be prevented by improving nutrition for women and children in the first 1,000 days.

     

    Way out

     

    Breastfeeding, Dr Ezeogu said is a sure way to defeat these conditions before six-months, while complementary feeding is introduced to complement the feeding from age six months to age two.

    “Breastfeeding short-term and long-term benefits are numerous. Short-term health benefits include fewer gastro-intestinal disorders and lower risk of sudden Infant Death Syndrome. There is also emotional bonding and loving relationship between mother and child.

    “Long-term health benefits are improved growth and development. Higher Intelligent Quotient (IQ). Lower risk of obesity. More emotionally secure. Improved cardio-vascular disease throughout life. Lower risk of childhood cancer (including leukemia) and a lower risk of diabetes.

    “Complementary feeding also has the potential to prevent stunting. Starting from six months, babies need other foods in addition to breast milk. Therefore, it is recommended to continue breastfeeding with complementary foods for up to two-years and beyond. Breast milk continues to be the most important part of the baby’s diet,” she said.

    To Dr Ezeogu, there are stable cereals and other foods that children can be fed with that are readily available in our communities.

    “When giving complementary foods, think about frequency of feeding, amount of food, thickness of the food, variety, active/responsive feeding and Hygiene. Not just feeding the child with pap, which little sugar has been added, but one can mix same pap with crayfish, millet and or groundnut. Having a nutritious diet is the key word,” said Dr Ezeogu.

    According to Family and Nutrition Director, Lagos State Ministry of Health, Dr. (Mrs) Folashade Folashayo Oludara, there is nothing as good as educating the public on how to feed a child effectively right from  the day of birth. Lagos State, she said, is advocating exclusive breastfeeding of babies without adding water, herbs or unprescribed drugs.

    Dr Oludara said it is only a healthcare giver that can recommend a drug for any child, adding that giving drugs like ‘Gbomoro‘ and others for teething are just not necessary.

    “Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months is the gold standard and that is why the state government has allowed a six-month maternity leave for women. After this six-month, it is time to introduce adult food along breastfeeding the child in semi-liquid form. No need for tin or can foods

    “There are cereals, millets and corn that can be grinded with soybeans and dry-fish to get the powder form. After blending all these, store in a tight container. Thereafter, boil water and add the quantity that the child can feed on and stir. Let it boil and cook well. The food is ready. Feed the child with a spoon. The mother can also add egg,” explained Dr Oludara.

    She said when the family eats the child should be given some portion, “not removing from other peoples food, but the child’s portion must be prepared along with that of the family. That child is already a living being, who must be properly fed to forestall malnutrition, especially wasting and stunting”. “There should be consistent regulation of food. At 18months, the child can eat at the table. That will allow for monitoring of quantity of food intake,”she said.

    She upbraided mothers, who while eating push down some morsels into the child’s mouth. According to Dr  Oludara it is cheating and underfeeding the child.

    “A mother must give time to the child for proper feeding. When a mother is at home, the child should be allowed free access to breast-milk on demand, even while the mother is sleeping. The child knows how to lift the mother’s clothes and that is the sign for demand for the breast-milk. Children fed this way are always brilliant. Another point is to ensure proper breastfeeding. Some mothers are not patient.

    “When the child is placed on the breast, let’s say the child sucks for fifteen minutes, the child has only been fed with fore milk, which is majorly water. That goes for mothers with twins, triplets or quadruplet. So, when that child cries again he should be placed on the same breast so that he can now feed on the hind milk, which equates to solid food. And he will sleep well or play longer without disturbing the mother. Proper breastfeeding is an act that must be mastered,” she explained.

     

  • ‘Breast milk gives babies nutrients’

    A paediatrician with Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH), Dr. Juliet Ochi, has said breast milk provides the right proportion of nutrients for brain development.

    She spoke in an interview with News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Enugu.

    Ochi said breast milk should be given to babies.

    She said essential nutrients in breast milk included vitamins, proteins, fats and antibodies.

    The paediatrician said breast milk was a perfect food, adding that it’s easy to digest because it’s made of live cells and babies can easily absorb it.

    She said breastfeeding ensured the “best possible health, best developmental and psychosocial outcomes for infants.”

    Ochi said breastfed babies hardly fall sick, have a lower risk of obesity as well as type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

    “They have a reduced risk of ear infections (otitis media), gastroenteritis, among others,” she said.

  • The impressive power of breast milk

    The impressive power of breast milk

    Breast-feeding boosts an infant’s immune system 
and promotes a healthy gut. Scientists are 
finally isolating the compounds responsible. The result 
could be a health breakthrough for all ages.

    Perla Lewis-Truong’s due date was March 1. But the day after Thanksgiving, she was admitted to the hospital with severe preeclampsia, a disorder marked by a rapid rise in blood pressure that puts a mother’s health and pregnancy at risk. A week later doctors had to deliver her daughter by cesarean section, 13 weeks early. Baby Celia weighed only a pound and a half. After two months, she is four pounds and still nearly translucent but healthy, lying in a small heated pod in the Children’s Hospital of the University of California, Davis, in Sacramento. Celia was lucky to be born here, at a teaching hospital with an advanced neonatal intensive care unit. Premature babies face many potential problems, including necrotizing enterocolitis, in which intestinal walls deteriorate and bacteria invade. A quarter of infants with the disease die, and survivors may suffer neurological problems for years.

    Mark Underwood, a neonatologist at U.C. Davis, is constantly seeking better treatments for his delicate patients. Contrary to traditional practice, his focus is not on drugs but on diet. Underwood believes that many cases of necrotizing enterocolitis could be prevented by giving preemies a special daily cocktail of probiotics (healthy bacteria) and prebiotics (the food those bacteria eat), all inspired by what might be considered the ultimate superfood: human milk.

    “Milk is powerful as a preventer of disease and an enhancer of 
performance,” says Bruce German, a food chemist at U.C. Davis. “By understanding how it does what it does, we can bring the principles, the mechanisms of action, and the benefits to everyone.” Human milk’s most important role could be preventing infant disease and boosting immunity by cultivating a balance of microbes in the gut and the rest of the body, a kind of internal ecosystem called the microbiome. In fact, many researchers now believe that mammalian lactation originally evolved as a protective, not a nutritional, adaptation.

    Consider baby Celia’s situation at Davis. It is an impressive hospital, but even the best neonatal intensive care unit presents a challenging environment for a preemie. Fetuses are bacterially naive, with little exposure to pathogens or other microbes before birth. Then they get exposed in a very specific way: first through the birth canal, a wellspring of bacteria, and then through near-constant snuggling with their momsideally accompanied by immediate breast-feeding. Within days, microbes both good and bad start to colonize the baby and help educate the immune system. But Celia, born through a C-section and then placed in an isolette, acquired most of her bacteria not from her mother but from a hospital. Too young to breast-feed, she received nourishment, including liquid vitamins and a few drops of her mother’s milk, through a catheter in her umbilical cord.

    “We think that makes them sick,” says Underwood, a soft-spoken man in glasses and a blue polo shirt. For preemies, infections come fast and furious, but those who receive breast milk are half as likely to suffer from necrotizing enterocolitis as their formula-fed peers. Such statistics are driving Underwood and his colleagues to peer deeper into human milk. And their findings are poised to improve health not just for babies, but for all of us.

    For a substance so important to the success of our species, human milk has, until recently, been largely neglected by researchers. For one thing, most infants in the developed world can now survive without it. Doctors and scientists long assumed most of its value was nutritional, in which case it could be replaced by commercial infant formula, which is now a $3.5 billion-a-year business in the United States alone.

    Far more money has gone into improving efficiencies in the dairy industry or studying the cholesterol-reducing effects of red wine than into understanding human breast milk. “People should not underestimate how important the money is,” says food researcher Bruce German from his office in the new, light-dappled Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science on the Davis campus.

     

    • Culled from www.discovermagazine.com
  • Breast milk ends couple’s marriage

    For eight years, the couple were role models to many younger couples. They were head over heels in love. But their relationship crashed yesterday at the Agege Customary Court in Lagos.

    Ganiyu Akinpelu and his wife, Afusat, to the dismay of their neighbours at their Agege home, prayed the court to dissolve their marriage which produced three children.

    Addressing the court, Akinpelu accused his wife of not being submissive, adding that besides being troublesome and stubborn, the woman delighted in sneaking out to church. Her attitude, he said, ran counter to his belief as a Muslim, hence he sought the dissolution of the marriage.

    Afusat debunked Akinpelu’s claims, saying that since she gave birth to her first son, she had not “been herself.” “My husband is a practising Muslim but he still involves himself in scary acts and diabolical charms. He demanded my breast milk under the pretext of using it to seek protection for our family. I disagreed because it had been revealed in my church that it was the first step of using me for money ritual.”

    They agreed that their relationship had broken down completely.

    The court president, Mr Adekunle Williams, dissolved the marriage.

    Akinpelu, the petitioner, was ordered to pay N5,000 monthly on each of the three children through the court registrar for their upkeep. He is also to cater for their educational needs.

    Williams also ruled that the children’s medical expenses must be borne by both parties. He admonished them to be peaceful and law-abiding.

  • Breast milk and Breast feeding

    Studies done in the past five years have revealed that only about 33% of children under the age of six months are currently being breast fed. This is in spite of efforts by the world health organization (WHO),United nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO), Pediatricians 0bstetricians and many others to educate women on the benefits to them and their children on the benefits of breastfeeding

    Women are generally encouraged to give their children only breast milk exclusively for six months and then gradually continue with mixed nutrition with breast milk and cereals for another six months.

    Components present in breast milk are species specific and apart from humans, no other primates will knowingly consume or give breast milk from another species to her offspring, and hence Animals in the wild are comparatively free from allergenic disorders.

    Children born to women in towns and cities are increasingly being diagnosed with diseases that were alien in this part of the world- Autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, celiac disease, trichotillomania, etc. Advanced Cases of bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, allergy, diarrhea etc are increasingly being brought to children emergency wards with some of them having the common history of either having been abandoned, or mothers failing to establish successful breast feeding, thereby resorting to alternative methods of nutrition

    There are only very few conditions in which advice concerning alternatives to breast feeding and lactation can become necessary. Non medical people giving lectures on such issues based on their personal experiences may do more harm than good by giving incorrect or very bad advice

    Particularly in children born with congenital abnormalities the risk is high of such children being thrown away or abandoned if an affected mother is told she can’t breast feed, in a similar way, much care is needed when an HIV.AIDS positive woman is delivered and there are no trained health officials around. Any incorrect or badly constructed advice could precipitate the woman either taking her own life or killing her child. This is because women who are willing and able to breastfeed their children do so with strong emotional attachment rooted in natural love, happiness and fulfillment. When disrupted or removed, the reactions are unpredictable.

    What Is Breast Milk And How Is It Produced?

    Breast milk may be defined as a biological fluid, produced in the breast of a mother in response to pregnancy and sucking

    Breast feeding is the natural act of providing a young baby with vital nutrients produced and stored in the breast

    How Human Breast Milk Is Produced

    Breast milk is formed from salts, sugars, protein fat in your own blood as they flow through tiny blood vessels in your breast. The mammary epithelium is a modified epithelium much like many such cells in the retina of the eyes and vascular endothelium of the Heart. The mammary epithelium has been credited as being the leader of the milk synthesizing orchestra, integrating a number of endocrine events involving certain pathways ,some of which have not been completely clarified—Exocytose, Transcytosis, transmembrane and paracellular mechanisms.

    The products of these mechanisms are the oligosaccharides which seal and protect the intestinal mucosa(covering).The baby on artificial milk lacks this protection and comes down frequently and may die from diarrheal diseases

    The mammary epithelium also guides the B lymphocytes to the specific apparatus(homing) in the mammary gland for the synthesis of immunoglobulin without which the new born or infant would die from overwhelming infections – mostly respiratory.

    The specialized epithelium is also involved in the synthesis of lipoprotein lipase, this is linked ultimately to the production of membrane lipids

    Membrane lipids are essential layering structures in the brain of growing children.

    Lactogenesis

    Once the placenta is expelled, a woman feels much more like a mother, because, levels of the pregnancy hormone Estrogen and Progesterone , particularly Progesterone drop, allowing the lactating hormone-Prolactin to rise.-

    Unlike goats and cows, not much human breast milk is stored after it has been produced, and just looking at her baby alone activates the pituitary mammary axis ; the mother experiences the oxytocin effect, and the myoepithelial cells contract to gently pump breast milk into baby’s mouth ,continuous flow aided by the sucking action of the mouth ,which when firmly and completely wrapped around the nipple areola complex ensures very successful breast feeding. The law of demand and supply holds here, once the breast is full, a feedback inhibitor lactation protein is introduced ,the prolactin receptors are all occupied and further binding is suspended until the child has sufficiently reduced the quantity of breast milk.