Tag: contractors

  • Ahmed approves release of N937m to contractors

    Ahmed approves release of N937m to contractors

    Kwara State Governor Abdulfatah Ahmed has approved the release of N937, 572, 974.09 to contractors handling infrastructural projects across the state.

    The amount represents the third quarter payment under the Kwara Infrastructure Development (IF-K) payment grid for completed, ongoing and new projects.

    News of the approval was contained in a statement yesterday by Finance Commissioner Alhaji Demola Banu. He said the payment would be made to the contractors next month.

    Banu, who said the release of the funds was to ensure ongoing projects and new ones were completed on schedule, added that the money would also cover payment for completed projects.

    He listed some of the projects to include building of Arandun-Rore Ipetu road, Ilesha-Baruba-Gwanara road, Share-Oke Ode road (section 1 & 2), Arobadi-Megida road, Offa-Ira road, Ilala bridge, Erin Ile-Ilemona road, College of Engineering Building (phase 1) and construction of Oko Idofin-Odo Ase road.

    Others are rehabilitation of Egbejila road, Ilorin; Oke-Opin township road; Anilelerin-Ita Erin road, Offa; Old Garage Central Mosque Mission road; Agbabiaka road; Gaa Akanbi Ilorin; Offa-Ipee road; Ilorin water supply and reticulation network; channelisation network of Ita-Alamu village as well as ongoing repositioning of the state-owned media houses.

  • Health insurance for Oyo workers, contractors

    Health insurance for Oyo workers, contractors

    Oyo State Governor Abiola Ajimobi has said the state’s health care insurance scheme is compulsory for workers and contractors.

    Ajimobi, who traced the Western involvement in health care to 1883 when compulsory sickness insurance started in Germany, said making the scheme compulsoiry would sustain the initiative and make it functional.

    The governor spoke at the launching of a N50 billion health care Endowment Fund at the International Conference Centre, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.

    The fund is meant for the restoration and transformation of government hospitals and health centres in Oyo State.

    The state has 57 general hospitals and government clinics as well as 622 primary health centres.

    The event was well attended by traditional rulers, captains of industries, representatives of corporate organisations, international development partners, religious leaders, lawmakers, political office holders, community leaders, government appointees, policy makers and stakeholders in the health sector.

    •Oyo State Govenor Abiola Ajimobi (left), Prof. Olu Akinkugbe (second left), Olubadan of Ibadan Oba Saliu Adetunji (second right) and others at the launch of the N50b healthcare Endowment Fund in Ibadan…yesterday.

    Notable individuals at the event include the Olubadan of Ibadan, Oba Saliu Adetunji; Alaafin of Oyo, Oba Lamidi Adeyemi, represented by Chief Yusuf Ayoola; Eleruwa of Eruwa, Oba Samuel Adegbola; and members of the Olubadan-in-Council, among others.

    Present also are Minister of Communications Adebayo Shittu and his health counterpart, Prof. Isaac Adewole, represented by Chief Medical Director, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Prof. Temitope Alonge; federal lawmakers from the state, among others.

    Speaking on modality to be adopted in increasing subscribers, the governor said parents would present their registration cards before their children will be enrolled in schools, and direct deductions made on contractors’ and others’ pay.

  • Promissory notes to pay contractors

    Promissory notes to pay contractors

    The Federal Executive Council (FEC) yesterday approved promissory notes for offsetting the debts owed contractors and state governments.

    Minister of Finance Mrs Kemi Adeosun broke the news to reporters at the end of the Federal Executive Council (FEC) meeting at the Presidential Villa in Abuja.

    With her were Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Minister Mohammed Bello, Head of Service of the Federation Winifred Oyo-Ita and Special Adviser on Media and Publicity Femi Adesina.

    Adeosun said a rigorous and strong process would be put in place to ascertain the debts that had accrued since 2006.

    The debts, she said, also included pension liabilities and unpaid salaries.

    She said: “Federal Executive Council approves a process to validate and pay inherited Federal Government contractors and employee liabilities

    “Obligations accumulated over the last two decades to be paid through bond and promissory note issuance to resolve long outstanding dues and stimulate economic activity

    “The Federal Executive Council has today approved the Ministry of Finance’s proposed validation process and promissory note and debt issuance programme to resolve a number of inherited and long outstanding Federal Government (FG) obligations to contractors, state governments and employees.

    “This will be followed by a request to the National Assembly to approve the programme ahead of implementation.

    “In March 2017, the Economic Management Team, under the leadership of His Excellency Acting President Yemi Osinbajo, mandated the Minister of Finance to chair a committee that would establish a process to confirm the validity of inherited Federal Government obligations, and propose a mechanism to resolve them.

    “These obligations largely consist of dues owed to state governments, oil marketers, power generation and distribution companies, suppliers and contractors by FG parastatals and agencies, payments due under the Export Expansion Grant (EEG), outstanding judgement balances as well as pension and other benefits to Federal Government employees. Some of the obligations date back as far as 1994. The resolution of this will significantly enhance liquidity in critical sectors of the economy.

    “Following an exhaustive process of reconciliation, the committee has been able to provisionally confirm a discounted total of N2.7 trillion of obligations, consisting of N740 billion of outstanding pensions and promotional salary arrears (not discounted) and N1.93 trillion (discounted) of other obligations, including dues to Federal Government contractors and suppliers.

    “These numbers are aligned with existing Federal Government estimates and, in some cases, are lower than previously estimated.”

    “The supplier and contractor obligations will be resolved through a strict process of final validation, following which those confirmed will be settled through the issuance of liquid promissory notes (10-year tenure), phased over a three-year period to minimise impact on liquidity and with preference given to those willing to offer the largest discounts.

    “Obligations owed to individuals (for example pensions and employee benefits) will be resolved through the issuance of specific bond instruments, again phased over the next three years. These obligations will then be incorporated into the Medium- Term Expenditure Framework by the Ministry of Budget and National Planning,” she said.

    Mrs. Adeosun noted that the economy cannot move at the right pace if the legacy issues inherited are not addressed.

    The issues, she said, act as a significant drag on economic activity.

    “The government must be a driver of growth, and enable private sector activity. It should not be the most significant obligor to many value creating businesses. At the same time, we have an obligation to our Federal Government employees to address these long-outstanding pension and employment benefit issues.

    “We are doing this systematically, and we want to do so once and for all. We are enhancing the government’s controls and processes to ensure we do not find ourselves in this situation again.”

    “Over the last two decades, the Federal Government has built up over N2.7 trillion of obligations which were not cash backed, and remain outstanding to this day. We have developed a solution that will simultaneously resolve these issues, and deliver a boost to economic performance.

    “Our solution will remove the drag on economic performance these obligations cause, improve liquidity in key sectors, especially the power sector where we will resolve Federal Government dues to the distribution and generation companies, and so boost investor confidence. It will also help to improve non-performing loan ratio’s in the banking sector, where an unacceptable number of NPL’s are linked to Government contracts.” she added

    According to her, the total size of the obligations identified are N3.4 trillion.

    The debts, she said, included “non-payment of fuel subsidy dating back many years on which interest was accruing according to the contracts.

    “Unpaid electricity bills by MDAs and obligations accruing to distribution companies, including those from the 50% reduction in electricity tariffs in March 2015.

    “Unpaid salary obligations outstanding since 2012 and pension arrears, etc.

    “Outstanding contractor obligations. Judgment obligations dating as far back as 1994,” she said

    Mrs. Adeosun went on: “By recognising the discounted obligation, we will be effectively restating our debt position, increasing the debt to GDP ratio from 18.9% to 21.5%, however, according to MTEF forecasts, the ultimate impact on debt service to revenue is minimal, as debt service to revenue is forecasted to move from 35.78% to 35.84% after the full bond issuance if approved.”

    Following the approval of the Federal Executive Council, she said that the next steps include “request approval from the National Assembly for the debt issuance to resolve the pension and employee benefit issues.”

    “Complete the process of validating and inspecting the contractor projects (at least 80% will be physically inspected by an independent third party (to be witnessed by relevant Civil Society Organisations) while all documents related to debt claims will be independently reviewed by a major international accountancy firm for validation).

    “DMO to issue the first tranche of debt to pay the pension and salary obligations.

    “The first round of promissory notes to be issued to contractors,” Mrs Adeosun said.

  • Ogun to give priority to indigenous contractors

    Ogun State Commissioner for Works and Infrastructure, Mr. Olamilekan Adegbite, has said the state would consider indigenous contractors  in the award of contracts for the construction of 171 rural roads.

    In a statement made available to The Nation  by the ministry’s Head of media, Mr. Ayokunle Ewuoso, the commissioner assured that notwithstanding the preference of government for smaller indigenous firms in the execution of this project, bigger firms will not be prevented from applying for the contracts.

    ‘’Presently, there are so many contractors that are working for us, including indigenous companies. Look at the present jobs where we have requested for Bids for the construction of the 171 rural roads and 25 semi-urban roads, deliberately we are saying they should be indigenous contractors for all these rural roads. We are not stopping the big contractors from applying, we are saying let our focus be on indigenous contractors in the 171 rural roads we want to do,’’ it read.

    While reacting to the accusation that government was more concerned with the construction of Federal roads at the detriment of state roads, Adegbite noted that government had constructed several state roads across the state.

    “There is hierarchy when you are doing roads. The one that benefits most, that is the spine (major roads), are the ones you will do first. We are not claiming that government ends with this administration. Government is continuum,” the statement read.

    He assured that all the roads constructed by the government were designed to last for a minimum of 30 years, adding that the state had written the Federal Ministry of Works on the need to cede some of these roads to Ogun.

  • Stop using substandard materials, contractors told

    To stem frequent building collapse, the Lagos State government yesterday asked contractors to abide by construction laws.

    Lagos State Safety Commission (LSSC) Director-General Hakeem Dickson gave the charge at safety training for construction workers.

    He lamented that many people have died in construction sites, saying the training would help to prevent disasters at sites.

    He warned contractors to stop using sub-standard materials and avoid incorrect mixture of concrete.

    “Once you get your approval, come to LSSC, let us know when you are moving to the site so that we can tell you how to put all the safety measures on,” he said.

    He also warned site engineers to be around daily to ensure that workers do what is required of them.

    “Our aim is to save lives and we all must ensure that safety is part of our culture, because being safety conscious costs nothing but the neglect of safety consciencess is costly and dangerous,” he said.

    LSSC Safety, Training and Education Director Adeyinka Adebiyi said the agency is to ensure is saddled every work place is safe, devoid of accident, death and injury. He said the training was about safety at height and application of first aid.

    Adebiyi said: “The construction workers are those that work at height in most cases, when they fall, they record serious injuries and in most cases death. This is why we are taking this training to the construction workers, health and safety environment managers working in the construction sector, so that precautionary measures would be taken before they start to work at the site

    “All personal protective equipment including safety boots and eye protection must be in place. Our aim for this training is to ensure that there is zero accident at construction sites, because we know that 80 percent of accidents is as a result of human errors, both in the construction site, manufacturing company or the likes. Most accidents that happened were as a result of individual error; 10 percent is as a result of machine failure, which is most times caused by human negligence to maintain the machine. Only 10 percent is caused by natural disaster.”

  • Bayelsa’s 17-storey edifice fuels support for local contractors

    Bayelsa’s 17-storey edifice fuels support for local contractors

    Niger Delta is rising to greatness. An edifice rising in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, symbolises the great future of the region and holds within it the promise of better tomorrow. When completed, the architectural masterpiece, a 17-storey building, will be the permanent headquarters of the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB).

    In fact, the House of Representatives’ Committee on Local Content, were amazed to behold the rise of the imposing structure recently. The committee members were in the state for their oversight function on the board.

    At a glance, some of the lawmakers concluded that such superimposing edifice could only be the brainwork of prominent construction companies. When they saw the design and the quality of work so far done at the site, which is located close to Ox-Bow Lake in Yenagoa, some of them even dropped names of foreign firms.

    But the Executive Secretary, NCDMB, Mr. Simbi Wabote, shocked them. Everything about the rising building is local content. It is completely indigenous from the design, drawing, substructure and the developing superstructure. Many foreign firms wanted it but in the spirits of developing the local content, the board awarded it to an indigenous firm.

    Some of the foreign firms, which lost out laughed at the board. They taught it was not possible for an indigenous firm to embark on such project. But the Mega Star Construction proved them wrong. The lawmakers were also surprised at the speed of work on the project, which is fully supervised by employees of the board.

    Mega Star took over the project in May 2015. Already, the company has taken the massive structure to the eighth floor. The building is designed to accommodate over 1000 workers with a conference hall of 1000 sitting capacity. It has a separate building to be used as a multi-level car park, which had already got to an advanced construction stage. The car park is designed to house over 350 cars.

    In fact, the progress of work on the building, described as the first of its kind in any Niger Delta State, thrilled the lawmakers. For the first time in the history of public projects, none had witnessed such rapid progress. The board is hopeful that the building will be handed over to them in December 2018.

    Wabote, who described himself as the chief accounting officer for the project, explained to the lawmakers that the board decided to keep the project in-house to drive down cost.

    The elated Chairman of the House Committee on Local Content, Mr Emmanuel Ekong, poured encomiums on the Federal Government and the board. “In the history of the Nigerian government, this is the first time government has started a project and achieved this progress in a very difficult terrain in less down two years.

    “Some foreign companies struggled to get this project we just inspected. The question  I kept asking myself as I was walking round this project is, ‘how do we diversify the local content into construction so as to project this company’?” He said.

    Pointing at the Chief Executive Director of Mega Star, Ekong said: “This man needs to be shown the whole world. We need to sell him within the Nigerian market and we need to sell him to the whole world. No foreign company should come and tell me that a project like this cannot be constructed by a Nigerian firm.

    “I am not talking because I am a true son of the Niger Delta, I am saying this because I am a patriotic Nigerian. The technology deployed here is amazing. I have seen things that made me so happy because it is happening in Nigeria.”

    Ekong also appreciated Wabote for showing high level of commitment to the project. He said the committee would help the executive secretary realise his dreams of completing the project in record time.

    But he appealed to Bayelsa youths to support the project. He said though local content is a national law, the youths should count themselves lucky for having such gigantic project in their domain out of 36 states.

    Before inspecting the building, Wabote first led the committee members to a site of the proposed Pipe Mill project in Polako, Yenagoa. The lawmakers observed that the board had done a lot of work to prepare the site, which borders River Nun, to create irresistible environment for investors.

    The area had been sand-filled  and an access road cutting off the host community was being created. Wabote explained that the environment for the project was close to the required facilities such as water and a gas gathering plant in Gbarain.

    He clarified that the board was not engaged in partnership with investors but was merely acting as a catalyst to create an enabling environment for investors. He insisted that without preparing the ground for investors, no firm would like to operate in a difficult terrain like Bayelsa and other Niger Delta creeks.

    “This project will create jobs, retain the much-needed foreign exchange. So, any Nigerian partner who wants to partner with the Baird to act as a catalyst for in-country investments, the board is prepared to do so.

    “Any foreign company who wants to invest in the country and wants the board to act as a catalyst for that investment it is within the mandate of the board to support the investment. It is the concept of domiciliation and domestication”, he said.

    The executive secretary stunned the committee with various strategies adopted by the board to develop content in the petroleum sector. Most of the products hitherto imported by multinational oil companies are now manufactured in the country.

    He noted that the board had increased the marine vessel utilisation, which was just about three percent  when he took over  to 36 percent. .

    “There is still room. Although the current downturn has affected us. Prior to 2010, nobody thought fabrication could be done in Nigeria. But today Nigeria has the capacity. We have numerous fabrication yards today.

    He clarified that the focus of NCDMB is not ‘Nigerianisation  or indigenisation’ but the domiciliation of value adding activities in the sector.

    “ It’s more about how to add value in-country. We seek to close supply gap by promoting local production and maximising utilisation”, he said.

    He also told the committee that local content should not be restricted to the oil and gas sector alone. Arguing that employment generation in the petroleum sector was not as much as other sectors, Wabote asked the lawmakers to introduce local content in the construction, information and communication technology, telecommunication and the power sectors.

    “We require the support of the National Assembly to see how we twig the Local Content Act to cover most of these sectors. We don’t want to create many local contents but the law can be twigged to bring these sectors under the local content”, he said.

    Following the success of the local content in the oil gas sector, Ekong informed the executive secretary that the process of diversifying the content act was in progress. he said a bill to expand the Act had already been introduced in the assembly.

    He said henceforth the lawmakers would not take local content infractions by companies lightly to ensure adequate participation of Nigerians in the oil and gas sector.

    He said: “The multinationals must patronise these people, even CBN which is still building its headquarters using foreign companies must patronise these people (construction engineers)

    “We hit multinationals to remit 1% of their funds which is enshrined in the law. Like I said the first reading has been passed. We are waiting to do some legislative fireworks fine-tuning the bill for assent by the president before the end of this year.

    “ The infraction in the oil and gas industry and construction is child’s play compared to what happens in the oil and gas. It is unimaginable. Telecoms, power and ICT, these are major sectors we are looking at.”

    Ekong urged the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and the Nigerian Petroleum Development Company (NPDC) to fully comply with the content Act since charity begins at home.

    “The law is already there. That’s why we are here . The NNPC , NPDC which are Nigerian-owned cannot be above the law. If they have caused infraction in one way or the other, we are looking into it. They can’t be above the law.”

  • Oyo terminates contract with waste contractors

    Oyo State government has said its contracts with private waste contractors were terminated with effect from May 5.

    It said the Oyo State Waste Management Authority (OYOWMA) is responsible for collecting waste in line with its commitment to ensure a cleaner and healthier environment.

    The government said it commissioned WestAfricaENRG, a leading environmental solution company, to manage OYOWMA and take care of its operational and legal duties.

    Information, Culture and Tourism Commissioner Toye Arulogun said the management of OYOWMA was changed under the Public Private Partnership Laws, adding that the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources would play a role in the regulation and oversight functions of solid waste disposal issues as well as other duties.

    He said WestAfricaENRG would re-organisetion of waste collection, processing and disposal, starting with the upgrading and capacity building of waste collection contractors.

    “This to increase job opportunities and cleanliness of the state. We still have an issue with public enlightenment and compliance and we are working to achieve this.

    “Effective May 5, private waste contractors in Oyo have had their contracts terminated. Soon, an Expression of Interest will be published nationally for those with relevant experience and capacity to apply for contracts in the state. Until this is finalised, OYOWMA has full responsibility for the collection of waste.

    ”We are confident to say Ibadan is no longer the dirtiest city in Nigeria, a title no city should aspire to hold. The strides we have made in Ibadan have been replicated across other cities and towns in Oyo State and we know that there is much more to be done,” the commissioner added.

    He urged people, groups, civil societies and communities to partner the government to ensure a cleaner and healthier environment, noting that the efforts of all and sundry would make the state  a beautiful and aesthetically-pleasing environment.

    According to him, “we want to continue to keep Oyo State clean as part of our investment friendly strategy and improvement of the quality of the lives of our people, create jobs for our youths, eradicate diseases and vermin caused by indiscriminate disposal of waste.”

    Arulogun advised residents and business owners to dispose refuse in waste bins and stop throwing waste products on  the roads, adding that they should ensure their waste bins are made available for collection by OYOWMA.

    He said they should pay the government for the services.

     

  • Ex-commissioner seeks prosecution of defaulting NDDC contractors

    A former Attorney-General and Commissioner for Justice in Akwa Ibom State, Chef Victor Iyanam, has called for the arrest and prosecution of contractors who abandoned projects of the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), if they fail to return to site.

    Works Commissioner Ephraim Inyang recently blew the whistle on contractors, mainly members of his Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), who allegedly abandoned NDDC projects in the last 16 years.

    In a programme on Planet FM, a private radio station in Uyo, monitored by our reporter, Iyanam said the prosecution of such contractors was necessary to restore sanity to the system and serve as a deterrent to others.

    He said: “Those contractors must be prosecuted and made to refund the money they collected. If people are not punished for committing crimes against the people, they would continue to do so.”

    He said it was irritating that Inyang was championing the campaign against NDDC whereas he is “a man who has his hands full with uncompleted and abandoned projects of the state government”.

    Iyanam said the attacks on the NDDC Managing Director, Obong Nsima Ekere, allegedly sponsored by the state government, were because of the perception that he was interested in the 2019 governorship race and not because he was responsible for the abandonment of the projects, since he was barely six months in office.

  • Ogun advises  contractors on standard

    Ogun advises contractors on standard

    Ogun State Commissioner for Budget and Planning, Ms Adenrele Adesina, has urged contractors bidding for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) /Conditional Grant Scheme (CGS) scale up projects to comply with stipulated standard towards achieving quality service delivery of projects.
    She spoke at the Governor’s Office Press Centre, Oke-Mosan, Abeokuta, while welcoming contractors to the opening of bids on 2015 SGDs/CGS projects for local governments.
    Adenrele said the CGS projects were important to the government, as they would have impact on the people at the grassroots and ensure even development across the nooks and crannies of the state.
    She enjoined them to execute the contracts with diligence and uphold ‘’Ogun Standard’’ by sustaining the image of the state.
    “You should know that you are in partnership with the government. You must, therefore, uphold the standard of the state,’’ Adenrele said.
    The Permanent Secretary in the ministry, Mr. Hassan Adekunle, assured contractors of prompt release of mobilisation fee for the take off of the projects.
    He said: ‘’Much as we will not delay your payment, please do not perform below standard. You are to move to site immediately.’’
    The representative of Arshcorn and Form Ltd, Mr. Akin Taofeek and representative, Victor and Grace Nig. Ltd, Mr. Dele Soneye, on behalf of other contractors, thanked the Tender Board Committee for ensuring transparency in the bidding processes, pledging that they would not disappoint the government.
    The CGS projects which covered three thematic areas of Education, Health and water/sanitation would involve the construction of classrooms, VIP toilets, borehole, health centres and purchase of ambulance, among others.

  • Bariga-Ilaje Link Roads: Ambode orders contractors to commence work

    Bariga-Ilaje Link Roads: Ambode orders contractors to commence work

    …To construct Jetty in Ilaje, Multi-Purpose Recreation Centre In Oworonshoki

     

    Lagos State Governor, Mr. Akinwunmi Ambode on Monday expressed displeasure with the state of roads in Bariga axis of the State, ordering contractors to move to site in the next two weeks to fix the roads.

    Ambode, who spoke after carrying out extensive inspection of the roads within Bariga, specifically ordered commencement of work on Ilaje Road and Odunsi Street in the area.

    The Governor, who had earlier awarded contract for the construction of Ariyo Road, said the dilapidated conditions of the roads were totally unacceptable in the State.

    He said in line with the commitment of his administration to transform every part of the State, a new jetty would be constructed in Ilaje, while a multi-purpose playground and recreation centre would also be constructed in Oworonshoki.

    He said: “I have just gone round Odunsi Street, Ariyo Street and then Ilaje Street, all connecting Oworo Bus Stop with Bariga. I am totally displeased with the state of the roads that I have personally seen.

    “So, within the next two weeks, contractors will commence work on Ilaje Road and Odunsi Street. We have already awarded contract for the Ariyo Road that will now go under the Third Mainland Bridge after Bertola and go to the other side of Oworo.

    “In addition to the roads, on this Ilaje Road, we will give you a brand new jetty. Like we have always said, every community in Lagos will not be left behind. We should be able to live in Bariga, work in Bariga and play in Bariga.

    “On the other side of Oworonshoki, we are going to sand fill and dredge that other part where the Bus Stop is so that we can have a multi-purpose playground, recreation and entertainment hub.”

    As a swift response to the plea of residents of Soluyi community in Bariga, Governor Ambode also ordered that work should commence on the road network in the axis within the next 21 days to facilitate ease of movement to Gbagada express.

    While acknowledging that the people of the area have been very supportive to the government, Governor Ambode urged them to continue to pay their taxes and embrace peace to enjoy more dividends of democracy.

    “I know all the people in all these communities have always supported our government and so what we have just come to do is to say a big thank you to you. We are doing the work you have sent us to do.

    “All I just want to encourage you is to continue to pay your taxes. I am very happy this neighbourhood is a little bit crime free now and I am enjoying the peaceful atmosphere in this area. When you promise me peace, I will do more for your neighbourhood,” he said.

    Earlier, Sole Administrator of Bariga Local Council Development Area (LCDA), Sanya Osijo expressed appreciation on behalf of the people of the area to the Governor, saying that it was a thing of joy that the suffering of the people was about to be addressed.

    Ambode also made an unscheduled inspection to the site of ongoing construction of world class transport interchange in Oshodi, where he directed contractors to work assiduously to meet the completion deadline