Tag: drug

  • Akunyili: A drug Czar goes home

    Akunyili: A drug Czar goes home

    Greatness is all about being recognised by an anonymous many. Again, what counts is not how long one lives but how one impacted on the lives of others; how one enhanced the socio-political lives of the people.

    One would have lived a fulfilled life when one’s personality and character could recognise each other when they meet in the dark. The late Prof. Dora Akunyili played a major role in impacting the lives of those who came across her during her life time.

    Though dead, the late Mrs Akunyili’s legacy will remain indelible in the minds of those who knew her, either in her Agulu community, Anambra State or Nigeria.

    The late Mrs Akunyili was the former Minister of Information and Communication and one-time Director-General, National Agency for Food, Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC).

    But there are mysteries surrounding the life and times of the late amiable Amazon that keep reverberating.

    Did she have an inkling that she was not going to live long? This question is tenable based on the fact that most of her actions tilted towards enhancing the well-being of others, especially the less-privileged. It seemed she quickened her benevolent actions to accomplish many tasks in good time.

    Even before the end of her short life, the late Mrs Akunyili loved helping the poor and the less-privileged.

    One of such people was her gate man, whom she later adopted as her house help. She identified the innate intelligence in the young man and his zeal to learn. She had to send him to school. Today, he is an accountant in one of the biggest accounting agencies in the country.

    Not only that, the late Mrs Akunyili was given money by the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF) to enable her to treat her diagnosed tumor abroad. She returned the money to the Federal Government when it was clear the diagnosis was inaccurate.

    Apart from all these and many more, her husband, Dr. John Chike Akunyili, told reporters in Agulu that since the death of his wife, things have been working in mysterious ways in the family.

    First, he said there was a time they ran short of cash and a call came from Iyom Josephine Anenih who made the funds available. The family, he said, was astonished.

    Dr. Akunyili said the woman told him that it was the money she owed his wife.

    He said: “Although she is dead, I know her spirit hovers around because, since her death, everything has been easy and working for me mysteriously.”

    Besides, he said the late professor of Pharmacology amassed over 800 awards, with another post-humous award to be received in November in the United States.

    Again, she will be the first person to be buried in Agulu community between August 15 and 30, as the people see it as a taboo to bury anybody on those dates.

    Investigation by our correspondent revealed that it was the period the community celebrates their new yam festival and commune with their gods with the monarch of the land performing his festival rite on August 29.

    Some source said: “The burial, which has been scheduled in this community by the Federal Government within this period is likely to have adverse effect on the people because such a thing has never happened before in the area.

    When our correspondent contacted Igwe Innocent Obodoakor, the traditional ruler of the community on the issue, he said the dead must be buried.

    Furthermore, it was gathered that Mrs Akunyili would not be buried in her Nkitaku Village. She will rather be buried in Nneogidi Village close to NAFDAC office where the family built a house.

    Some of the residents of the community believe that it is an anomaly to bury somebody from another village in the community.  When the late Mrs Akunyili was ill, it was said that she was suffering from cervical cancer but after her death, the husband revealed that she died of “Endometrial carcinoma”.

    According to him, it was rare type of cancer that spreads fast in the body without anybody knowing.

    He said: “We were told that people with such condition will only live for seven months. But with prayers, she survived it for two years and two months until she became ill again.”

    The woman whose life and times were surrounded by mysteries died on June 7, this year after a two-year battle with cancer at an Indian hospital. The burial takes place today in Agulu community.

    The husband described her as an elephant, who loved her country even during her travails, even though she vowed to fight for the country with the last drop of her blood.

    Dr. Akunyili said: “Her love for Nigeria was phenomenal and beyond words. Even in her last days when she was very ill, she insisted that she would serve the country with her last breath.

    “She wanted a home called Nigeria where citizens could live and enjoy but it is unfortunate she did not live to see such a country.”

    Her last wish was for the girls abducted from Government Girls’ Secondary School Chibok in Borno State by the Boko Haram insurgents are released because, according to her, they are all innocent girls.

    The only area where such mystery did not work was when she ventured into politics for the Anambra Central Senatorial zone where she lost to Senator Chris Ngige.

    Some of her awards included the Transparency International Integrity Award in 2003 for being one of the sincere and honest persons in the world.

    She was equally recognised as one of the 18 Heroes of its Global Health 2005 for her relentless battle to rid Nigeria of the menace of fake and adulterated drugs.

    This led to another mystery in her life. Some drug barons attempted to eliminate her but she mysteriously escaped the attack.

    She was described as Nigeria Drug Warrior who did her job of ridding the society of fake drugs diligently.

    Prof. Akunyili was also the first African to win the 2005 edition of the coveted British Grassroots Human Rights Awards series.

    The award was given to unsung Heroes of Human Rights, who daily risk their lives in pursuit of truth and in defence of the defencless, among others.

  • Nigeria to get new drug control master plan

    Nigeria to get new drug control master plan

    Nigeria will get a new National Drug Control Master Plan (NDCMP) in September.

    That is when President Goodluck Jonathan will endorse the final draft, which will soon be sent to the Presidency.

    The implementation of the proposed master plan is expected to begin next year and lapse in 2019.

    The policy document, which provides a road map for the nation’s anti-narcotic campaign, is a product of elaborate deliberations and consultations among Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC), departments, agencies and experts, led by the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA).

    NDLEA Chairman/Chief Executive Ahmadu Giade hailed members of the committee for their diligence.

    He called for more support for drug control programmes.

    Giade said: “I am pleased with the commitment of the committee members and the rich content of the draft plan.

    “The agency shall work with relevant organisations for the full implementation of the plan. We incorporated ministries, organisations and agencies because everyone has a role to play in the control of drugs.”

    The NDLEA thanked the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the European Union (EU) for their technical assistance to Nigeria’s fight against drug production, trafficking and use, including organised crimes.

    NDLEA’s Director-General, Mrs. Roli Bode-George, presided over the meeting of senior representatives from 30 ministries, departments and agencies. It ended at the weekend in Lagos.

    The meeting tackled the formulation of a master plan that would run for four years, beginning in 2015.

  • $200b counterfeit business recorded in Nigeria annually

    The counterfeiting business in Nigeria is said to worth between $75billion to $200billion annually.
    The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) blamed high level of greed for the flourishing business.
    NAFDAC Director of Special Duties, Mr. Abubakar Jimoh made the disclosure during a public enlightenment programme designed to sanitize and educate Nigerian Youth Corp Members at the Abuja camp.
    He said, “the pharmaceutical Security Institutes data estimates that drug counterfeiting is a $75billion business while the world Customs Service puts it at $200 billion business annually.”
    Hence, he said one of the major challenges being faced by regulatory agencies around the world is the counterfeiting of regulated products.
    Quoting World Health Organization, Jimoh said in wealthy economies, counterfeits account for less than one percent of the market value, but fifty percent (50% ) of Internet sales are counterfeit.
    He also told the NYSC members that in emerging economies, counterfeit are estimated at ten percent while in some part of developing world, counterfeit are put at about thirty per cent (30%).
    The global offensive against the illicit narcotic trade led by the USA and Mexico, “has resulted in drug barons increasingly directing their resources into the less risky and more lucrative drug counterfeiting business-creating international syndicates and making drug counterfeiting more global sophisticated and militarized.
    He however said Nigeria has put in place measures to contain counterfeiting in the country, which include sustained public enlightenment programmes, capacity building for it workers review of the law with the view of making them more of a deterrent.
    Above all he said NAFDAC is currently spearheading global efforts in the use of cutting-edge technologies to fight counterfeit drugs and other regulated products.

     

  • Seized drug in Kano

    Seized drug in Kano

    Seized drugs, 19.5kg cocaine in Kano
    Seized drugs, 19.5kg cocaine in Kano
  • Amalaha’s drug saga saddens Danagogo

    Amalaha’s drug saga saddens Danagogo

    • Says coaches/officials risk sanctions

    Sports Minister and Chairman, National Sports Commission (NSC), Dr. Tammy Danagogo has expressed sadness at the reported drug-test failure by Chika Amalaha, Team Nigeria’s first gold medallist at the on-going 20th Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland.

    Convinced that Amalaha is innocent, an angry Danagogo has warned that officials as well as coaches who are found to aid or condone cheating will face severe sanctions from the NSC.

    Amalaha, who was the heroine of Team Nigeria at the African Youth Games in Gaborone, Botswana, last May where she won three gold medals in her weightlifting event, was alleged to have failed the first sample drug-test conducted on her after her  Games’ record lifting in the 53kg category and suspended pending the result of the B sample.

    Dr. Danagogo, who is also at the Games and had directed that Team Nigeria’s medalists be rewarded instantly for their feat so as to further boost their morale, described the dope incident  as embarrassing but hopes the B test turns out negative.

    “The reported first sample drug-test failure of our female weightlifter is very embarrassing and I feel so saddened although I’m still convinced that the 16-year-old Amalaha is innocent,  and I hope that she doesn’t fail the ‘confirmation test’,” the minister said from the Games venue in Glasgow.

    As a way of  curbing  the drug issue, he stressed that, “nevertheless I must use my office as Sports Minister to enshrine tenets of integrity and fair competition in our sports, especially as it concerns the youths.

    “In that regard, I will ensure the use of MRI (Multiple Resonance Imaging) scanning devices amongst others, as routine (tests) on our age-grade players, and pre-competition drug-test regime on athletes generally,” warning that “Officials and coaches who are found to encourage or condone cheating of any kind would face severe sanctions.”

  • NDLEA arrests student who bought drugs with tuition

    NDLEA arrests student who bought drugs with tuition

    The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) has apprehended a twenty year-old undergraduate at the Murtala Mohammed International Airport (MMIA) Lagos for allegedly importing 1.745 kilogrammes of dried weeds that tested positive for cannabis popularly known as hemp.
    The suspect, Udiomeh Kufre Ita was found in possession of the drug during the inward screening of passengers on an Africa World Airlines flight from Accra, Ghana at the weekend.
    NDLEA Lagos Airport commander, Mr Hamza Umar said that the drug was detected during routine screening of passengers.
    “An undergraduate student was found in possession of two parcels of cannabis weighing 1.745kg during routine search of passengers. The drug was hidden inside his bag containing personal effects. He was immediately arrested and the case is under investigation,” Hamza stated.
    The suspect who reportedly gained admission into the faculty of Management Sciences at the Regent University is currently assisting narcotic investigators assigned to the case.
    In his confessional statement, Udoimeh Kufre Ita said that he used his tuition fees in purchasing the drug found on him.
    According to the suspect, “I spent my school fees on cell phone, smoking hemp and attending night clubs. I bought a cell phone for 107,000 naira and spent my school fees recklessly. I thought I could make enough profit from the sale of cannabis to offset the deficit in my tuition. I bought each parcel of hemp for 220 Ghana cedi.
    “I did not know what came over me and I am afraid to go to my parents. My father is a retiree” the suspect stated.
    He hails from Akwa-Ibom State but grew up in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja.
    Chairman/Chief Executive of the NDLEA Ahmadu Giade described the action of the student as shameful and sad.
    “This is very shameful and sad. It shows that the suspect is morally bankrupt. Students must understand that drug use is inimical to the pursuit of their academic goals” Giade stated.
    The NDLEA boss called on members of the public to avoid drug use and support the fight against drugs. “Abstinence from drug use is the best solution but those who have problem with drug use should please seek professional help before it is too late. Let us support the anti-drug campaign for a peaceful and fulfilled life” Giade added.

  • Legal restrictions to sale, advert of drugs

    Legal restrictions to sale, advert of drugs

      In view of the calls to regularise and standardise the procurement and distribution of drugs in the country, Chief Magistrate of Imo State, Augustine Ogoma examines the Medical and Pharmacy Laws.

    Preserving the health of the nation requires the need for a strict control of the manufacture, sale and advertisement of drugs.
    This is because drugs are special commodities which could save or endanger the life of the consumer depending on how they are used.
    In realisation of this, government all over the world usually put in place some degree of control over dealings in drugs.
    The objectives of pharmaceutical legislation  can be summarised as follows:
    •To provide rules and regulations which will ensure that only people with the necessary training, qualifications and experience handle various operations associated with pharmaceuticals.
    •To ensure that possession of any given pharmaceutical license is in accordance with laid down rules and regulations.
    •To protect the ordinary citizen against the dangers of drug abuse, drug resistance, substandard drugs and drug adulteration.
    There are various legislations regulating and controlling drugs in Nigeria and these includes:
    The food and Drug Act cap 150 LFN 1990; the National Agency for food and Drug Administration and control (NAFDAC) Act No 15, 1993 the counterfeit and fake Drugs (Miscellaneous provisions) Act Cap 73 LFN 1990; The National Drug formulator and Essential Drug list Act, Caps 257 LFN 1990; THE Drug and related products (Registration etc) Act No19, 1993, the pharmacists council of Nigeria Law No 91, 1992; the dangerous Drug Act Cap 91 LFN 1990, THE National Drug Law enforcement Agency Act Cap) 253 LFN 1990; And Pharmacy Law of various states particularly, Lagos State.

    Definition of drugs
    Section 20 of the food and drug Act Cap 150 LFN 1990 defines drug to include any substance or mixture of substance manufactured, sold or advertised for use in:-
    •The diagnosis, treatment, mitigation or prevention of any disease, disorder abnormal physical state or the symptoms thereof in man or in animal.
    •Restoring, correcting or modifying organic functions in man or animal.
    •Disinfections, or the control of vermin, insects or pets or
    .•Contraception
    It has to be noted here that section 30 of NAFDAC Act also defines drug in similar terms.

    Possible offences
    •Sale of drugs in prohibited places:
    Section 2 (1) of the counterfeit and fake drugs (miscellaneous provisions Act Caps 73 LFN 1990 makes it an offence to hawk, sell or display for the purposes of sale, any drugs or poison whatsoever in any market, kiosk, motor park, roadside stall, bus, ferry or any other means of transportation or other place not duly licensed or registered for the purpose of sale and distribution of drugs or poison.
    It has to be noted that an offence under this section does not depend on the nature or quality of the drug in question but on the place of sale.
    •Manufacture and sale of fake adulterated and substandard drugs:
    Section 1 (2) of the food and drug Act makes it an offence to sell any drug which is adulterated.
    However, the counterfeit and fake drugs (Miscellaneous provisions) Act is more general in contest.
    It prohibits the manufacture importation, sale, distribution, display for the purpose of sale any counterfeit, adulterated, banned, fake substandard or expired drugs. Infact, merely being in possession of the prohibited drugs is also an offence.
    •Offences relating to advertisements:
    It has to be noted that the food and Drugs Act and the Drugs and related products (Registration) Act prohibits certain advertisements.
    Section I of the Drugs and related products Act provides that no drug or drug product shall be advised in Nigeria unless it has been registered in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
    Section 2 of the Food and Drugs Act prohibits advertisements of drugs represented as treatment or prevention of the diseases specified in the first schedule to the Act. Altogether about sixty five diseases and disorders are listed which includes, Alcoholism, cancer, obesity, sleeping sickness and loss of youth. A possible reason advanced for the prohibition of advertisements in these is that since some of the diseases have no known cure, the advertisements are likely to be false.
    The code of advertising practice issued by the Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON)  created by Law No 55 of 1988 established by law No 55 strengthens the legal position.
    The code re-affirms the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act and in addition prohibits the following:
    •advertisements of on over the counter (OTC) drug unless it has been registered by the Federal Ministry of Health.
    •offer to diagnose, advise, prescribe or treat by correspondence
    •prevention of ageing
    It also has to be noted here that by virtue of Section 2 of the Advertising practitioners (Registration Act) 1996 as amended, the power to vet advertisement of regulated products is vested on the minister of health.
    •Sale by unauthorized persons:
    By the provisions of the pharmacist council of Nigeria Law the following persons are authorized to sell things.
    •A registered pharmacists
    •A holder of patent and proprietary medicine vendors licence.
    Patent and proprietary medicine
    “Patent and proprietary medicine” is defined as any medicine held out by advertisement, label or otherwise in writing as efficacious for the prevention, cure or relief of any malady, ailment, infirmity or disorder affecting human beings and-
    which is sold under a trade name or trade mark to the use of which any person has claims or purports to have any exclusive right; or of which any person has or claims or purports to have the exclusive right of manufacture or for the making of which nay person has or claims or purports to have any secret process or protection by letters patents.
    No person shall sell or deliver any patent or proprietary medicine unless he is either-
    .a selling dispenser or chemist; or a holder of a patent and proprietary medicines licence.
    The law requires that patent and proprietary medicine shall be sold intact in the box, bottle, parcel or other container in which it was imported, packed or made ready for sale.
    The container must bear the name or trade mark of the manufacturer. Also no person other than a selling dispenser or chemist shall import in bulk and  subsequently repack any patent and proprietary medicine. The summary of the requirements is that a patent and proprietary medicine must reach the consumer in the condition in which it left the manufacturer.
    Penalties for drug offences
    Each of the existing laws stipulates penalties for offences created therein.
    By Section 17(1) of the Food and Drugs Act, any person who contravenes any provisions of the Act or the regulations shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand naira or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both.
    It is a defence that the Accused,
    •Sold the article in the same package and in the same condition as it was when he bought it; and
    Could not with reasonable diligence have ascertained that the sale of the article would be in contravention of the Act or regulation.
    The National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control Decree only imposes penalty for obstruction of an officer of the agency in the performance of his duties. The penalty for this offence is a fine of =N=5,000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both such fine and imprisonment.
    Penalties for offences under the Drugs and Related Products (Registration e.t.c.) Act are as follows:
    •in the case of an individual, a fine not exceeding =N=50,000 or imprisonment for term not exceeding two years or to both fine and imprisonment; and
    •in the case of body corporate, a fine not exceeding =N=100,000.
    Dealing without registration being the crux of this Act, it is assumed that the stipulated penalties are only applicable to cases of sale of genuine but unregistered drugs. If the drug in question is fake, adulterated or substandard, the penalties in the Counterfeit and Fake Drug (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act will prevail.
    The Counterfeit and Fake Drug (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act contains the highest penalties for drug offences. Penalty for the sale, manufacture, importation e.t.c. of the prohibited drugs is a fine not exceeding =N=500,000 or imprisonment for a term not less than five years nor more than fifteen years or to both. Penalty for sale in prohibited places is a fine exceeding =N=5,000 or imprisonment.
    The Pharmacists Council of Nigeria Act contains further penalties where a drug offence is committed by a person registered under it. Section 18(1) give the Disciplinary Tribunal the power to reprimand or order the striking out of the name of a pharmacist found guilty of unprofessional conduct by a court or tribunal.
    There is no doubt that any illegal dealings in drugs will constitute an act or unprofessional conduct. Penalties for offences relating to patent and proprietary medicines range between =N=20 and =N=200.
    Enforcement agencies.
    Different Agencies are charged with the implementation of the existing drug laws. For clarity, implementation under each law shall be treated separately.
    Food and Drugs Act.
    Enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act is vested in the Minister of Health and the inspecting officers.
    Powers and functions of the Minister include, power to obtain particulars in respect of certain substances; grant of certificate of safety of batch; and declaration of compliance with provisions of the Act. The most important power of the Minister is the power to make regulations for carrying out the purposes of the Act.
    Powers of the inspecting officers are set out in Section 10. These include; power to enter and inspect any premises used for a regulated product; examine any article to which the Act applies, examine any books, documents or other records found on the premises and seize and detain any article by means of or in relation to which any provision of the Act or the regulations has been contravened.
    National  Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and control  (NAFDAC)
    National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control is a body corporate established to perform the following functions:-
    .    regulate and control the importation, exportation, manufacture, advertisement, sale and use of regulated products;
    .    conduct appropriate tests and ensure compliance with standard specifications designated and approved by the council;
    .    undertake inspection of imported regulated products;
    .    compile standard specifications and guidelines for the production, importation, exportation and sale of regulated products; and
    .    issue guidelines on, approve and monitor the advertisement of regulated products.
    Apart from the extension of the meaning of regulated products in the NAFDAC Act to include bottled water and chemicals, the same subject matters are dealt with by both the Act and Food and Drugs Act. Functions of the authorities are similar. The NAFDAC Act which is later in time does not mention the former Act. The only reference is the dissolution of the Food and Drugs Administration and Control Department of the Federal Ministry of Health and Social Services. All assets, funds, resources and movable or immovable property which immediately before the commencement of the Act held office in the Food and Drugs Department shall be deemed to have been transferred to the Agency.
    The implication of these provisions is that the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control is to administer the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. This view is buttressed by the fact that the NAFDAC Act does not contain substantive offences.
    This simplistic approach may, however, be faulted by conflicting provisions noticeable in the two laws. These conflicts includes, disparity in the penalty provisions; use of different terminologies in related cases; and differential powers conferred on the Minister. For instance, under the Food and Drugs Act the power of making regulations is exercisable by the Minister on the advice of the Advisory Council. But under the NAFDAC Act, the power is exercisable by the governing Council on the approval of the Minister.
    Silence on the relationship between the two laws creates unnecessary confusion and uncertainty. The Food and Drugs Act deals with substantive issue such as offences and penalties. The NAFDAC Act is more or less administrative in context. In the main, it deals with function and powers of agency and its functionaries. It effectively address the issue of probity of the officers by making commendable disciplinary provision.
    But no offences are created. On this ground it can be argued that the NAFDAC Act cannot stand alone since offenders cannot be charged under any of its provision. It is therefore suggested that the two laws be merged since, as seen from their respective provisions, one complements the other.
    Counterfeit and Fake Drugs (miscellaneous provision) Act.
    Enforcement of provisions of the Counterfeit and fake Drugs (Miscellaneous provision) Act is conferred on the Federal and State Task Force. The functions of the task force include:-
    .    paying unscheduled visits to all ports of entry and border posts.
    .    taking sample or specimen of any article, opening and examining, while on the premises, any container or package;
    .    examining any books, documents or records found on the premises, which are reasonably believed to contain any information relevant to the enforcement of Act; and

    .    seizing any drug or poison which is counterfeit, adulterated, banned, fake, substandard or expired.
    The Task Force also have power to seal up any premises used or being used in connection with any office under the Act.
    The Pharmacists Council of Nigeria Act
    The pharmacists Council of Nigeria is charged with the implementation of provisions of the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria Act. Among other functions, it determines the standard of knowledge and skill to be attained by person seeking to become registered members of pharmacists profession. Although enforcement of drug laws is not a direct function, the Council by its nature helps to instill sanity in drug matters. The various provision of the Act creates an inherent deterrence against drug offences. In particular, the provisions on professional discipline make it possible to appropriately deal with a pharmacists found guilty of a drug offence.
    Implementation Problems
    From the foregoing discourse it is clear that there exist adequate legislative enactments to control the manufacture, sale and advertisement of drugs. The major problem is that of implementation.
    The food and Drugs Act has been in force since 1974 but not much successes have been recorded. None of the regulations which received the approval of Advisory Council under the food and Drugs Administration and control Department has been passed into law.
    Enforcement procedures are not clearly set out. Apart from the general provisions in Section 10(5), and 14(3), no section confers power of prosecution on any particular person or authority. The position is the same under NAFDAC Act. The result is that a reported case is referred to the police for prosecution.
    A noticeable fact about this procedure is that many cases end up at investigation stage. The authority in charge react by passing the buck. For instance, officials of the NAFDAC blame the police and the judiciary for the recurring difficulty normally encountered in the prosecution of food and Drugs Offenders. They claim that many cases which should have been prosecuted end up mid-stream due to ineffective enforcement.
    Closely related to the above is the delay associated with investigations of reported cases. In some countries such as Britain, such reports are treated with utmost dispatch. The contrary is the case in Nigeria. Investigations, almost always, take an unduly long period thereby creating opportunity for fraudulent dealing with condemned product.
    A case that readily comes to mind is that of destruction of fertility drugs worth=N=11M by NAFDAC officials in Kano on January 28, 1994. The drugs were seized at the Murtala Mohammed International Airport in November 1992. They bore neither the name of the manufacturer nor expiry date. Such time lag could lead to many undesirable consequences for instance, some of the consignment could, with the connivance or collaboration of officials, be pilfered and sold to unsuspecting members of the public.
    This research reveals that most provisions on sale of poison and prescription of drugs laws are not observed in practice. Many drug sellers still sell such drugs without prescription.
    Oral request are honoured even by some registered pharmacists. Similarly, in disregard of the law, some patent medicine dealers stock and sell prescription drugs. Some also retail in smaller quantities. Tablets and capsules are freely counted and sold to buyers.
    The main problem in this regard is that of enforcement. Many State Ministries of health are not sufficiently equipped to monitor the activities of the registered pharmacists and patent medicine dealers. In some States, there may not be more than ten pharmaceutical inspectors with no functional vehicles. Much cannot be achieved under this situation especially in view of the large number of registered pharmacy and patent medicine shops in the states.
    Sale of drugs in prohibited places is still noticeable in many towns and cities in the country. The greatest offence in this regard is committed with respect to sale in market places. In 2003, the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria was compelled by the then prevailing situation to issue Guidelines and Regulations reiterating the legal position. The result of this effort is yet to be seen as sections of some Nigerian markets are still devoted to the sale of drugs
    Conclusion
    This thesis shows that the various enforcement agencies are making reasonable efforts in the implementation of drug laws. Some public alerts have been issued by the NAFDAC against the consumption of drugs adjudged dangerous to health. Also both the NAFDAC and the task Forces have been embarking on incessant raids, seizures and destruction of illegal drugs. The Pharmacists Council of Nigeria uses the process of de-registration to phase out sale of drugs in market places.
    Despite the above efforts, the scourge of fake, adulterated and sub-standard drugs has continued unabated. This has generated comments from the mass media, individuals and organizations. An irresistible conclusion is that the enforcement authorities are ill-prepared to reverse the trend. In most cases their directives are not backed by practical implementation. For instance, when a drug is declared unfit for human consumption there is usually no follow up action to ensure that it is actually withdrawn from the market.
    The need for closer monitoring of sale of drugs in Nigeria cannot be over-emphasised. There should be routine visits to drug factories to ensure compliance with in-house quality control requirements. In addition, quality control laboratory should be established in each state of the Federation. Drugs from every batch should be certified by this laboratory before been put into circulation. To curb the activities of drug fakers, the raids and seizures of suspicious drugs should be intensified.
    The consumer has a very important role to play. Undeserved patronage keeps illegal drug dealers in business. If consumers shun drugs suspected to be sub-standard: make their purchases from accredited sources and report suspected cases to law enforcement agents, the incidence of illegal drugs will be minimized. Education is necessary in this regard as some consumers fall victim out of ignorance. Augustine Ogoma is a Senior Magistrate in Imo State Judiciary Owerri &  a research student

  • Drugs you should know about: Narcotic analgesics and their phenomena

    Drugs you should know about: Narcotic analgesics and their phenomena

    Morphine-like or opioid pain killers act on our body nerves that bear opioid receptors. There are several types of opioid receptors such as the mu, kappa, and delta receptors. Different opioid drugs and chemicals act on these receptor subtypes with their own affinities (power to attach to the receptor) and efficacy (power to produce a biological response through the receptor). Thus the opioid drugs vary in their prominent and overall biological effects or responses produced in the body. For example, while codeine is simply used as a cough suppressant, heroine is a dangerous euphoria-producing drug of addiction.

    Although opioids cause various effects in the body including in the gastrointestinal tract (constipation), respiratory tract (slowing the breathing rate), and in the urinary tracts (inability to pass out urine), it is their effects in the central nervous system that tend to generate the greatest interests. They produce pain relief and loss of sensation to pain (analgesia), euphoria (sense of well-being and elevated mood); and sedation, thus distracting a person from painful illness and helping a person to relax. Dangerous phenomena associated with opioid effects are tolerance (habituation), dependence, and addiction.

    Tolerance means that a certain dose, after some time, will no longer be effective in producing a desired effect and an increased dose will be needed to produce that desired effect. Thus a person with an opioid habit whether for medical use (e.g. pain relief) or social use (e.g. euphoria) would eventually need more and more finances for his drug supplies. Opioid addicts have been involved in financial crises, theft, and such social offshoots of drug habituation.

    Dependence means that a person who has been using opioids becomes naturalized to the presence of the opioid in his or her body. He or she now functions normally when the opioid is presence and abnormally when the opioid is absent. He or she depends on opioids to be normal. The dependent person takes the drug for the good effects expected.

    Addiction means that a person who has been using opioids is psychologically controlled by the effects of opioids. The relationship between the addict and the effects of the drugs is akin to that of the slave and master. The addict is enslaved by the drug effects and is abnormal in both the presence and absence of the drug in his or her body. The addict takes the drug indifferent to good or harm caused by the drug and sustains a compulsion to take the drug.

    Prescription opioids such as Vicodin® (containing hydrocodone) and OxyContin® (containing oxycodone) that are officially used as pain killers are often obtained and abused for social use. Teenagers and young adults are often involved in such habits.

    The tolerant person can withstand opioid concentrations that normally cause fatal respiratory (breathing) distress. Inexperienced users taking the same levels as addicts take can die suddenly. Teenagers and young adults should be warned never to copy the habits of their peers.

    Physical dependence is characterized by an abstinence or withdrawal syndrome. The person feels unwell if he or she does not take the drug. The more tolerant the user, the more dependent the user will beand alsothe greater will be the intensity of the withdrawal syndrome that can be experienced by the user. For morphine the withdrawal syndrome progresses as follows. In the first 8-12 hours of absence of the drug from the body, the person experiences anxiety, craving for the drug, coughing, sneezing, shivering, and sweating. At 20-30 hours, the person experiences vomiting and cramps. At 36-72 hours, the person experiences tremor, rigidity, convulsions, and piloerection (goose bumps and erection of body hairs). There is difference in timing for development of withdrawal symptoms for various opioid drugs.

    On the molecular level, tolerance is caused by the adjustments of opioid receptor mechanisms in the body. Thus tolerance to morphine, for example, can lead to tolerance to another opioid drug since they act on the same opioid receptors. Opioid cross-tolerance is also another phenomenon of interest for both medical and social usage of these drugs.

    To be continued…

    Dr. ’Bola John is a biomedical scientist based in Nigeria and in the USA. For any comments or questions on this column, please email bolajohnwritings@yahoo.com or call 07028338910 or 08160944635

     

  • Drugs you should know about: Narcotic pain killers

    In ancient Greek mythology, Hypnos was the personification ofsleep or the god of sleep and his son Morpheus was the god of dreams. Narcissus or Narkissos was a hunter who was beautiful and when he saw his own reflection in the river he fell in love with it and could not leave it and died there. In ancient Roman mythology, Somnuswas the god of sleep, a son of Night and brother of Death. Some medical words and expressions are derived from these mythical entities, e.g. somnambulism (sleep walking); hypnosis (sleepiness); hypnotic (a drug that produces drowsiness or sleep), andnarcotic (a drug that produces numbness and stupor).

    The drug morphine which produces drowsiness and relief of pain was named after Morpheus. Morphine has been in the news over and over again throughout the recent history of mankind because of its multipurpose usage including as a social drug with potential to cause serious addiction. There are many drugs that act like morphine. Some of them are natural compounds found in plants and collectively they are called opiates. Others are various chemicals with similar pharmacological actions as morphine and they are called opioids.The opiates and opioids are narcotic pain relievers (narcotic analgesics).

    Morphine was discovered in the poppy or opium plant whose botanical name is Papaversominferum. It is used as a strong pain reliever especially in surgery. Another natural opiate is codeine which is used in cough syrups. Keen interest in these compound led scientists to develop semi synthetic and synthetic compounds such as pethidine and fentanyl whichare popularly used narcotic analgesics in clinical settings.

    Already within the human body there are natural chemicals that produce morphine-like effects. These are the endogenous opioids and there are a few groups of them; encephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. Another such endogenous compound is orphanin. These are natural pain relievers that our bodies produce.

    While aspirin-like drugs (NSAIDs) act on prostaglandins, the narcotic analgesics, typified by morphine, act directly on pain conducting nerves that bear opioid chemical receptors. Activation of the receptors leads to inhibition of pain transmission through the spinal cord and brain and in the periphery of the body. Morphine-like drugs produce a combination of effects such as:

    •Reduction of nociception (pain sensation).

    •Analgesia(no pain sensation).

    •Reduction of the affective component of pain (psychological distress) so that pain may be felt but one is not distressed by it.

    •Euphoria or elevated mood and relief of the anxiety associated with pain hence the tendency for abuse (addicts use these drugs in order to experience the elevated mood).

    •Sometimes dysphoria (lower mood or bad mood) rather than euphoria occurs.

    •Respiratory depression due to dulling of the respiratory reflex that responds to increased carbon dioxide in the blood. Opioid overdose can be fatal because the victim stops breathing.

    •Suppression of the cough reflex (hence codeine is used in cough syrups).

    •Nausea and vomiting by direct stimulation of the vomiting reflex (this can be a serious side effect of opioids).

    •Constriction of the pupil, a useful indicator of opioid overdose. The classic opioid addict has pin-point pupils.

    Beyond the brain and nervous system opioid actions produce characteristic:

    •Decreased gastrointestinal movements (decreased peristalsis) and increased sphincter tone. This results in prolonged transit time for gut contents from the stomach to the anus allowing more water to be absorbed and constipation to develop. Morphine is usuallygiven in combination with a laxative.

    •Urinary retention due to increased tone of the bladder sphincter.

    •Histamine release (anaphylactoid reaction). Only morphine does this by degranulating mast cells (allergy cells). There is redness, itchiness, and oedema at the site of injection. Asthmatics should not use morphine because of the two possibilities of central respiratory depression and peripheral histamine release. To be continued…

    Dr. ‘Bola John is a biomedical scientist based in Nigeria and in the USA. For any comments or questions on this column, please email bolajohnwritings@yahoo.com or call 07028338910 or 08160944635

     

  • Drugs you should know about Pain killers

    Paracetamol (British name) or acetaminophen (American name) is popularly marketed as Tylenol, Panadol, Exedrin, etc. It is commonly used for headache. It may also be used for the conditions that aspirin is used for. Tylenol has been identified as the number 1 cause of acute liver failure in the USA. Therefore do not use pain killers unnecessarily. Some women, especially young women, who have strong and painful menstrual cramps may routinely down painkillers as soon as they expect their menstrual period. Painkillers should be saved for the highpoint of the period when the cramps are severe and interfering with normal life.

    Another popular NSAID used as a painkiller is ibuprofen that is marketed as Advil, Motrin, Nuprin and other names. It is stronger than either paracetamol or aspirin and is prepared in 200 mg formulas (paracetamol is usually 500mg, a higher dose). For stronger pains 800mg preparations of ibuprofen (Motrin 800) are also available. It is used for aches and pains including toothache, backache, muscle aches, menstrual pain, colds and fevers. A woman in the last trimester of pregnancy should not use this drug.

    NSAIDs are not just painkillers. NSAIDs inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme which produces prostaglandins as well as chemical mediators of inflammation such as thromboxane. NSAIDs therefore reduce inflammation and fever (high body temperature). Another group of painkiller drugs called the opioids (e.g. morphine) relieve pain but not inflammation because they act directly on pain propagating nerves rather than on the chemical pain mediators.

    There are many other NSAIDs such as naproxen and ketoprofen both of which are painkillers with strong anti-inflammatory actions. Others are diclofenac, diflunisal, etodolac, flurbiprofen, indomethacin, ketorolac, oxaprozin, piroxicam, sulindac, toletin, and nabumetone. They are used for pain of arthritis, rheumatism, and musculoskeletal pain.

    As NSAIDs are commonly used as painkillers without prescription, we need to identify the main facts to be aware of in using these drugs. These are: they kill the pain but if the pain keeps coming back you need to find out the real medical problem, i.e. get a diagnosis; they increase blood pressure; they cause stomach bleeding, they are linked to erectile dysfunction.

    A group of painkiller drugs were derived from NSAIDs. Through biomedical science research, it was found that there are at least two types of the COX enzyme and they were named COX 1 and COX 2. COX 1 operates normally in the body and produces certain beneficial effects e.g. in the stomach, kidneys, and blood platelets. COX 2 is brought into play under disease conditions. The useful painkiller or analgesic effects of NSAIDs were found to be mediated by blocking COX 2 and most of the adverse effects of NSAIDs were found to be mediated through COX 1, i.e. interfering with normal physiological effects of COX. Therefor scientists developed COX 2 inhibitor pain killers that have little or no COX 1 effects and affect COX 2 that is released during disease conditions. These designer drugs were nicknamed COXIBs and include celecoxib, valdecoxib and etoricoxib. Like NSIADs, COXIBs are effective pain killers but do not cause stomach ulcers like NSAIDs often do. Some of the first widely used COXIBs produce cardiovascular problems and are no longer circulated. Because of this, the presently employed COXIBs are used with caution.

     

    Dr. ’Bola John is a biomedical scientist based in Nigeria and in the USA. For any comments or questions on this column, please email bolajohnwritings@yahoo.com or call 07028338910 or 08160944635