Nigeria’s economy has all it takes to rank amongst the world’s top 10 economies. Driving the polity effectively towards that goal is the urgent task of the country’s present political and economic managers.
Nigeria’s 2015 general elections have been won and lost. The nationwide focus on politics for almost a year has however been detrimental to the economy and the financial markets. Despite being poised for fast growth, Africa’s largest economy is currently crawling on all fours.
Key economic and financial indicators are down year-on-year and year-to-date. Ditto for corporate earnings. The most significant being a 1.5% loss in GDP growth and speculative devaluation and volatility of the national currency, the Naira, which has lost at least 20% value against most benchmark currencies.
The year-end outlook is also not bright. Most investors and corporate players are coasting and seem to have accepted 2015 as a lost year from a productivity standpoint. Politics in Nigeria as clearly proven by recent events is driven by political cum personal interests. This is always at variance with the national economic interests.
The cumulative cost of perceived political instability, record low crude oil prices, and dipping confidence in economic and financial markets is estimated to be anywhere between US$25-30bn. Who is counting?
Certainly not the political class. They have not come to terms with the fact that a new budget cycle has commenced, and it’s clear that the only tangible approach the new government can take, is to start the process of amending the existing budget and delivering a brand new 2016 budget that reflects contemporary economic realities.
After hinting that the Central Bank of Nigeria’s currency controls were making Nigeria’s bond market transactions too complex to meet its rules, JP Morgan, the United States-based lender, has now moved to expel Nigeria from its Emerging Market Bond Index (EMBI) by the end of September, as a result of the illiquidity and lack of transparency in our foreign exchange market.
This exit will hurt Nigeria’s financial and economic ratings, putting the nation’s $31bn external reserves under threat of further massive sell-offs of Nigerian assets by foreign portfolio investors. The cost of borrowing will increase; access to the international financial markets for both sovereign and corporates will also become limited. More importantly, this exit will stem the inflow of portfolio investments which peaked at US$20.5Billion in 2013, that otherwise could help stabilize the Naira and balance of payments.
To state the obvious, the lack of articulation on policy and economic direction by the new government is not helping matters and is unsettling the financial markets. Time is money. And in the fast emerging global fiscal order, lost time and opportunities may never really be regained.
The next challenge the Nigerian government faces is the validation and structured financing plan for the current fiscal deficit, estimated at =N=6.5 trillion. The government’s actions on the fuel subsidy could significantly increase this figure. With the restructuring and swap of state government commercial bank loans into Treasury Bonds, the new government has increased the domestic debt profile by =N=1trillion overnight. Unfortunately state governments have not been compelled to execute conditional covenants, such as adhering to the tenants of the Fiscal Responsibility Act, which stipulates provisions for fiscal discipline.
With a US$49bn domestic debt and US$10.8bn external debt overhang, Nigeria is now committing 23% of its fiscal revenues to servicing debt.
With the levels of projected fiscal deficit, we might exceed the revenue-to-debt service best practice benchmark of 25% by year end. The alignment of fiscal and monetary policy which the economy befitted from over the last five years, seems to have been lost over the last several months.
The apex financial institution and industry regulator, the CBN, seems to have lost its independence and the intellectual fecundity central banks are renowned for. With an outflow of new policy pronouncements almost every week, the bank has struggled to articulate a well thought out strategy for managing the Naira. This misalignment of fiscal and monetary policy has started to impact the macroeconomic indicators as inflation creeps up into double digits. Unemployment also stands at a high 35%.
The effects of quantitative easing are manifesting on the Naira exchange rates as interest rates remain artificially high at 25%. This, despite the excess supply of the currency in circulation with M2 at =N=19Trillion, 25% or =N=4.75Trillion denominated in US dollars deposit.
Our commercial banks have also exacerbated the situation: about 50% of their loan books are denominated in US dollars. These artificially high rates, and the distortion it causes are not sustainable in the long run. Western nations over the last eight years have maintained rates at below 1% clearly aimed to spur economic recovery.
Nigeria’s financial intermediation rates at 25% cannot support productive investment and development; it will also stunt economic growth. Major reforms are therefore required in the banking system to support single digit rates. Banks also have to better deploy technology to reduce and manage costs. Their productivity and efficiency levels will consequently improve leading to a more competitive financial services sector.
Beyond the macro economy, we need to do a critical reappraisal of our trade and investment policies, we need to ensure they are properly integrated into the global value added system.
The domestic gains and success we have had in the cement sector with import substitution backward integration has primarily been driven by an individual and unfortunately not yet replicated nor institutionalized in other critical sectors such as agriculture, another potential engine room of Africa’s political economy considering its huge social development and value chain effect.
Drastic attention also needs to be paid to Customs and Excise reform and management to ensure proper implementation of Trade Policy, Industrial Development and Investment. The corruption menace of duty waivers, duty evasion, smuggling and weak import documentation also continues to affect the Naira, clearly disrupting and discouraging industrial development, investment and expansion.
Nigeria has been defined as a corrupt country with weak institutions, poor governance, and a compromised judiciary with consistently low scores in the ease of doing business and competitiveness rankings. Despite or in spite of all these quirks, the Nigerian economy with a GDP of US$535Billion is the largest in Africa with a global G20 ranking.
Until recent times, the Nigerian economy sustained a 7% annual growth rate, ranking it amongst the top three fastest growing economies globally.
Our substandard physical and social infrastructure needs to be upgraded; we need to make Power, Healthcare and Education sectors key focus priorities. Addressing the infrastructure deficit, corruption, good governance and the rule of law will no doubt propel Nigeria to realize its potential and capacity as a G10 economy.
Indeed, despite the absence of a cabinet, the euphoria the new government has generated, including its ongoing efforts to clean up the Augean stable is highly commendable. Restoring sanity into the polity was never going to be an easy undertaking. President Buhari’s recent working visit to Washington DC, USA left a good a good impression in the minds of our international business and diplomatic allies.
His top level meetings, appearances and the opinion pieces in the critical and pro-Western US media were obviously left a good impression. This was an African leader who seemed genuinely sincere, and genuinely concerned about Nigeria’s place in the global economy.
Going forward, the President and his ministerial team (even before he finally unveils them) must constantly balance the dual priorities of institutionalizing probity and economic management. Curbing high level graft must be accorded equal weighting as curbing hyper-inflation.
The Nigerian environment despite all its shortcomings and shenanigans is clearly a potential G10 economy. A recent Economist article highlights the “opportunity that knocks” with the new government in place, having endorsed President Buhari before the election. A 2013 article in the same publication cautions that Nigeria, “Africa’s giant is waking up but still looks unsteady on its feet like a heavy weight boxer who has gone too many rounds.”
The same publication has in the past enquired if “anyone has seen a giant” and warns further that the awaking giant eventually might fall flat on its face.
The Nigerian economy is a purposeful and powerful contraption akin to a Formula One racing machine. Unfortunately, the economy has in the past, been driven by a leadership and a political elite class behaving very much like a “Danfo Driver” in the driving seats of a Formula One.
- Adebajo, an investment banker & economist is CEO of The CFG Advisory.
