Tag: engineers

  • Indigenous engineers decry exclusion from infrastructure projects

    Indigenous engineers decry exclusion from infrastructure projects

    Indigenous engineers have decried their exclusion from infrastructure projects of the Federal Government. They say the development does not align with President Bola Tinubu’s Renewed Hope Agenda and the push for “Buy Nigeria First” policy of his administration.

    The engineers, acting under the aegis of Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE), the group expressed concern that many government projects running into trillions of naira still exclude Nigerian engineers, often with costly consequences.

    Speaking during the inauguration of the Engr. Ali Alimasuya Rabiu as its 35th President, he said the Renewed Hope agenda offers a rare opportunity to reclaim engineering as the backbone of Nigeria’s industrial growth, stressing that no nation can build sustainably while sidelining its own professionals.

    Central to his vision was strong backing for the Buy Nigeria First policy, which he described as a historic chance to reposition Nigeria as Africa’s infrastructure and industrial hub.

    While noting that laws such as the COREN Act and Executive Order 5 already support this direction, he expressed concern that many government projects running into trillions of naira still exclude Nigerian engineers, often with costly consequences.

    “It may shock Mr. President to know that MDAs, especially infrastructure-related Ministries such as the Federal Ministries of Works, Power, Water Resources, and the Federal Capital Territory Administration, have largely observed these laws in the breach,” he said.

    He warned that weak enforcement has led to poor-quality delivery and inflated costs, and urged the President to ensure that Nigerian engineering consultants are compulsorily engaged in the design, supervision and certification of all major projects.

    Read Also: Expert urges engineers to prioritise safety, adhere to building codes

    According to him, engineering deserves the same level of institutional respect accorded to law and accounting in national decision-making.

    “Mr. President that engineering training and practice is regulated by the COREN Act, and that the Council is under the supervision of the Honourable Minister responsible for Works; but Sir, this arrangement appears to have become an albatross: the Federal Ministry of Works has failed or neglected to discharge its responsibilities towards building a sustainable engineering practice,” he said.

    In an address at his investiture, Engr. Rabiu made it clear this was not a routine change of guard but a defining moment for the profession.

    The new NSE President praised the immediate past President, Engr. Margaret Oguntala, for restoring visibility and professionalism to the Society, but warned that the next phase must go further, aligning engineering practice firmly with national priorities and public policy.

    Drawing from his experience as a former President of COREN, Engr. Rabiu said his return to leadership was driven by concern that the Society had drifted from its founding ideals.

    He pledged to rebuild the NSE into a standards-driven, ideas-led institution capable of shaping policy, driving innovation and delivering real value to both members and the nation.

    Beyond advocacy, the new NSE President outlined plans to strengthen professional capacity, support technical and vocational education and restore engineering’s influence in national planning and budgeting.

    The NSE President welcomed the Federal Government’s move to upgrade technical colleges nationwide, pledging the Society’s full support to develop skills, empower youths and reduce dependence on foreign technical labour.

    Engr. Rabiu called for unity, urging engineers to rise with a renewed sense of purpose.

    He said the reset of the Nigerian Society of Engineers is ultimately about delivering Nigerian solutions, by Nigerian professionals, for Nigeria’s future.

  • Expert urges engineers to prioritise safety, adhere to building codes

    Expert urges engineers to prioritise safety, adhere to building codes

    The Chief Executive Officer of Fendini Group, Prince Adelaja Adeoye, has called on building professionals to prioritise safety and strictly comply with planning regulations to curb disasters in Nigeria’s built environment.

    Adeoye made the appeal in a telephone interview with newsmen on Wednesday shortly after the Convocation Ceremony at Lead City University, Ibadan, where he received his Master’s Degree in Property Development and Management.

    The real estate expert warned that rising cases of building collapse and structural failure across the country were clear reminders of the need for engineers, architects, developers, and other stakeholders to adhere to zoning laws, building codes, and physical planning requirements.

    “Prioritising safety from the project planning stage is key. Once professionals follow zoning regulations and obtain the required physical planning permits, many disasters can be prevented,” he said.

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    Adeoye stressed that industry players must equip themselves with the right knowledge to collaborate effectively with regulators, government agencies, and investors.

    Speaking about his academic achievement, the real estate expert described it as the result of years of rigorous study and commitment.

    “I am proud to have earned a Master’s Degree in Property Development and Management from the prestigious Lead City University, Ibadan. This achievement has sharpened my expertise and strengthened my career as a property developer specialising in upscale residential, commercial, industrial, and hospitality developments,” he said.

    He added that the qualification would further enhance his capacity to drive compliance and excellence within Fendini Homes, the real estate subsidiary of Fendini Group.

    Adeoye expressed gratitude to God, his family, mentors, lecturers, and the Lead City University community for their support throughout his academic journey.

  • Providing young female engineers with funds

    Providing young female engineers with funds

    Young Nigerian women can now access funding for engineering start-ups. GRACE OBIKE writes about the DELT-HER programme which the government is deploying to encourage more female engineers.

    Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) is an umbrella term used to group the distinct but related technical disciplines of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The term is typically used in the context of education policy or curriculum choices in schools.

    STEM is an approach to learning and development that integrates the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Through STEM, students develop key skills including problem-solving, creativity and critical analysis.

    Experts in the knowledge industry are of the view that “at universities, there are only 25 per cent of graduates in STEM subjects who are women and 52 per cent are males.

    “The main reason as to why there is such a gap between the two is down to a pipeline issue. Fewer girls are picking STEM subjects at school due to it being seen as a male-dominated subject.”

    On why this is so, some stakeholders say: “The reasons range from peer pressure to a lack of role models and support from parents as well as teachers, to a general misperception of what STEM careers look like in the real world.

    This may have informed why few girls love Mathematics compared to boys. In most universities, engineering departments are more populated with male students than their female counterparts who are believed to prefer arts or social science courses. However, the Federal Government is poised to change the narrative.

    The government said women make up half of the population of Nigeria, which ideally should mean women should make up half of all professional spaces in the country. Unfortunately, this is far from being the reality.

    The National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure (NASENI), in celebrating this year’s International Women’s Day said it seeks to close the gender gap in engineering, inspire the next generation, provide financing support for new ideas and projects, and ultimately strengthen the entire engineering ecosystem.

    It said the global average for female representation in engineering is 28 per cent which is only a little above one in four, and in Nigeria, it is only five per cent, which means one in 20 Nigerian engineers is a woman.

    The Executive Vice-Chairman/Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of NASENI, Khalil Halilu said the Federal Government, through NASENI, is determined to bridge the gap by funding young female engineers.

    Thus funding is through the Developing Engineering Leaders through HER,” an initiative also known as DELT-HER which aims at addressing the gender gap in Nigeria’s engineering sector. The DELT-HER initiative is an “opportunity platform,” through which girls and young women can pitch and present their exciting and groundbreaking engineering ideas, for funding by NASENI, through the Presidential Implementation Committee on Technology Transfer (PICTT).

    The Chairman of PICTT, Mohammed Dahiru revealed that PICTT, in the quest to fulfil the bilateral agreement between the Federal Government and the Czech Republic has, in the past two years been sponsoring Research and Development (R&D) projects nationwide under the Delta-2 programme.

    He said: “In taking a further step forward on the Delta-2 programme, the Committee is throwing the weight of its support behind women, through the DELT-Her project. The project is focused on encouraging more female participation in Nigeria’s engineering sector.

    Recent statistics reveal the dire need for deliberate actions to be targeted at the existing gender imbalance in this sector, to inspire inclusion while also expanding contribution channels to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

    “The Committee, through the continuous support of NASENI is determined to fund innovative and commercially viable ideas in engineering and technology, proposed by women. The call for proposals from young women marks the beginning of a chain of events which are expected to lead to engineering start-up companies owned and run by women.

    “To support the actualisation of the birth of multiple start-up companies from ideas selected under this project, each successful applicant will be matched with female mentors who are industry giants both in engineering and business. It is believed that the shoulders of these giants will provide the supportive environment that is required for success.

    “The submission portal for proposals opened on March 9 2024, and proposals will be accepted till May 20 when submission closes. This will be followed by a period of evaluation and selection of qualified innovations for sponsorship.”

    Dahiru said the success stories from the collaborative effort will be effectively projected to inspire young females all over the country about the choice of a career in engineering.

    He further expained that DELT-HER seeks to correct the imbalance of women in the sector by focusing attention and funding on young women, and very importantly, creating and cultivating public awareness around the need to train and mentor more women into the engineering professions.

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    He said:  “This awareness component of the work is one that we will take very seriously, working through schools, and storytelling campaigns. We intend to, through DELT-HER, double the number of female engineers in Nigeria over the next five years. This will mean working extensively at the level of secondary education, which is where young girls make vital decisions regarding their choice of professional field.

    “It may also be possible to inspire more women to consider studying engineering as a second degree, like we see more commonly in the legal and medical fields. We hope that through our support, we can make the much-needed difference.

    “Very importantly, we want to contribute to the economic growth and development of Nigeria. DELT-HER will create jobs and help develop technical skills and capabilities. And we hope that every additional woman engineer that is emerging can become a role model for another set of women.”

    In a keynote address, the President of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE), Margaret Oguntala said that women remain significantly under-represented in the engineering workforce, facing barriers and cha llenges that hinder their full participation and advancement in the field.

    She said it is important to recognise that diversity is not just a moral imperative but also a strategic one. Research has consistently shown that diverse teams are more innovative, creative, and effective in solving complex problems.

    The President said by harnessing the diverse perspectives, talents and experiences of women engineers, Nigeria can drive greater innovation, competitiveness and sustainable development.

    Oguntala also said the DELT-HER initiative seeks to address these challenges and unlock the full potential of women in engineering through targeted interventions and mentorship programmes, among others.

  • Lagos pledges support for women engineers

    Lagos pledges support for women engineers

    Lagos State Governor, Babajide Sanwo-Olu has pledged to support the innovations of the Association of Professional Women Engineers of Nigeria (APWEN) targeted at driving the nation’s development and advancement.

    Sanwo-Olu made the promise in Ikeja over the weekend at the International Women’s Day (IWD) Public Lecture and inauguration of Dr. Atinuke Owolabi as the 10th Chairman of APWEN, Lagos Chapter.

    The theme of the event was: “Empowering women through economic inclusion for an equitable future”.

    Sanwo-Olu, represented by his Chief of Staff, Mr Tayo Ayinde, expressed the hope that Owolabi would take the association to a greater height based on her track record.

    “For us in Lagos State, we are ready to partner with you (APWEN) and collaborate with you in all the activities that you require the support of government,” he said.

    Sanwo-Olu commended the efforts of female engineers in nation building as well as the resilience of Owolabi in the politics of Lagos.

    He recalled her contributions during last year’s general elections, as the director of the Professional Women Directorate of the Tinubu/Shettima and Sanwo-Olu/Hamzat Independent Campaign Council.

    “When the 10th APWEN chairman was reeling out her programmes, I discovered that we (Lagos State Government and APWEN) have a lot in common,” he said.

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    Fielding questions from reporters, the governor added that the state had an Office of Civic Engagement through which it could nurture visions to reality.

    APWEN National President, Dr Adebisi Osim, stressed the need for inclusion for women so they could use their innate abilities to impact the nation positively.

    Osim advised the new APWEN chairman “to be focused, dedicated and passionate about what she wants to do and I believe the sky will be her limit because she will be able to achieve all”.

    Earlier, in her acceptance speech after the inauguration, Owolabi reeled out her achievements and unveiled her two-year plans for technological and economic advancement of the association, female engineers, Lagos State and Nigeria.

    She said the launch of a Resource, Technology, and Innovation Hub during the event was to provide aspiring engineers access to cutting-edge resources to enhance their skills and capabilities.

    Newly inaugurated executives during International Women’s Day (IWD) Public Lecture and inauguration of Dr Atinuke Owolabi as the 10th Chairman of APWEN, Lagos Chapter on Friday in Lagos.

  • Engineers seek adoption of technology to address security challenges

    Engineers seek adoption of technology to address security challenges

    The Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) has called on the Federal Government and security personnel to leverage the power of emerging technologies to address security concerns in the country.

    The Giri, Abuja Branch of the NSE made the call yesterday at their 8th conference, annual general meeting and presentation of awards. The theme of the conference was “Emerging Technologies: A Panacea for Tackling Insecurity in Nigeria.”

    Director, Centre for Satellite Technology Development (CSTD), Dr Sadiq Umar, in his lecture, defined emerging technologies as innovative advancements, tools and scientific discoveries in early stage of development. Umar said the centre has the capacity to significantly impact various aspects of the society, industry and daily life, adding that the emerging and digital technologies could enhance communication, navigation, provide remote sensing and geospatial intelligence, biometric identification, among others.

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    The CSTD boss identified some of the prospects of emerging technologies in national security as, smart surveillance, data analytics for predictive policing, community policing with technology, border and coastal surveillance.

     “Nigeria stands at a critical juncture in its security journey and the integration of technology is pivotal in creating a safer and more secure nation,” he said.

    Earlier in his welcome address, Chairman of the branch, Dr George Okpanachi,  said science and technology had undergone significant transformations in the 21st century.

    According to Okpanachi, the rapid growth of science in this century has given rise to a new type of technology known as emerging technology.

    “The emerging technology is constantly evolving and is closely linked to previous technologies.

    “Today, sophisticated technologies are transforming every aspect of our daily lives and technology has been helping to mitigate security threats through various ways,” he said.

    Okpanachi listed the technologies as Cyber security, Autonomous Drone Technology, use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to interpret Satellite Images, AI Video Surveillance and Internet of Things connectivity.

    Chairman, Nigerian Institution of Space Engineers (NISEng), Dr Umar Abdullahi, without undermining conventional security measures, said there was need to align with global approach of addressing security issues.

    Abdullahi, also a member of the branch, said that if the country implemented emerging technologies in its security approach, it would be an opportunity for engagements with stakeholders.

    “There has to be interplay of everybody leveraging this technology, we hope the players will come up.

    “We hope the government will play the key role in investing in Research and Development, because in as much as we want to use emerging technologies, we want to use indigenous ones.

    “When we use indigenous ones, we are growing capacity, we are keeping confidential information at home rather than abroad, the local content perspective is very key,” he said.

  • Engineers advised on waste conversion

    Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) President Olumuyiwa Mokuolu has urged engineers to innovate and develop products and equipment that will assist in converting waste products to useful materials.

    Mokuolu, who spoke in Lagos at the National Conference of the Nigerian Institution of Environmental Engineers (NIEE), said engineers should show versatility by converting waste to wealth.

    The NSE president, represented by NIEE former National Chairman Abdulwahab Ogunbiyi, said Nigerian engineers were the best crop of professionals, who could contribute to the country’s development.

    Mokuolu said all engineers should see themselves as environmental engineers, adding that they should study, work, innovate and develop waste products and equipment, which could be turned to wealth.

    He said: “Pollution is ravaging the country because we have failed to turn the materials we regard as waste into useful materials.”

    NIEE National Chairman Monsuru Adisa Yinusa described the theme of the conference, “Environmental Pollution: Problem, Management and Control”, as apt, considering that environmental issues were global subject of discourse across the globe and realising the special attention given to the environment by the Lagos State Government.

    He said NIEE was almost concluding arrangements to present a publication of issues relating to the environment in the country and globally, to find a solution to environmental problems.

    Ex-NIEE National Chairman Babatunde Oshodi cited the inferno that occurred near Olusosun in Lagos earlier this year, fire incidents in Onitsha, Anambra State, rise in flood cases across the cities and how the Rivers State Government had been battling soot emission, which had caused pollution in Port Harcourt, as evidence of environmental issues across the country.

     

  • Erosion: Engineers advocate better environment management

    The Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE), has blamed man-made factors for the devastating effects of erosion menace in Anambra State and the entire southeast. The Chairman of NSE, Awka Branch, Mr Edmund Nkalu, , made the call in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Awka on Monday.

    Nkalu said erosion menace in Anambra was caused primarily by the soil type which was prone to erosion and the topography also increased the speed of runoff water which had helped the activities of storm water.

    He, however, said that manmade factors including indiscriminate construction of buildings, covering of soil surfaces with concrete slabs, no or out dated urban designs and poor project supervision were exacerbating the menace.

    Nkalu said people should imbibe the habit of keeping green surroundings as well as make adequate arrangements to ensure that rain water from their premises was properly collected and channeled.

    “It is clear that storm water has been causing enormous damage in this part of the country, especially in Anambra, but it is not a new event as it has been with us for a while.

    “There are manmade and natural factors that cause erosion but the man-made factor is an area that interest us.

    “What can we do to reduce and control erosion which occurs as a result of human activities?

    “At the individual level, people should design their buildings in such a way that flood water from rain can be absorbed in the soil, instead of these concrete floors which prevent water from percolating into the soil and increase the speed of runoff.

    “It is ignorance that makes people to seal off the floor unlike in other climes where people only cover the portion for walkway to the house and leave the other areas green and to absolve the water.

    “Let people begin to plant grass, there is nothing bad in having farm or garden in compounds,” he said.

    Nkalu said the society decided to focus on effective procurement process in its forthcoming lecture because of its role in ensuring sustainable and resilient infrastructure projects.

    He condemned the collapse of  roads and structures due to erosion, blaming it on poor adherence to standards and supervision.

    He urged government agencies, developers, community leaders to attend the lecture which was designed for the purpose of enhancing service delivery in both the public and private sectors.

    “The Society of Engineers is not comfortable with roads collapsing within two years; we are calling on the supervisory agencies to step up their functions and help check the loss of scarce funds that goes into poor quality jobs.

    “We need a concerted effort of the approval agencies, the physical planning board, the city development agencies, the Ministry of Environment to come up with a master plan designs. “Specifications for road designs should be strictly adhered to, there are challenges of paucity of which make the contractors to cut corners.

    “The procurement system must be thorough, the material quality must meet standards, the contractor must be competent and the cost of contract must be realistic to be able to build a quality road,” he said.

    The chairman said the society was interested in good governance which according to him, was all about service delivery in every sector of the economy.

  • ‘Nigerian engineers are competent, but…’

    Commendations for indigenous engineers do not come so often. ITB Nigeria Limited Managing Director Ramzi Chidiac says though many indigenous engineers lack the theoretical, academic and management skills, a good number have distinguished themselves, professionally. Chidiac, whose firm is using technology to up the ante in the local construction industry, tells MUYIWA LUCAS that he remains committed to a clean and green environment in line with the climate change campaign.

    WHAT is your assessment of the construction industry’s viability for foreign investors?

    The construction industry is open to foreign investors as there is no risk inherent in doing business here with regards to security, especially in Lagos. The only risk involved is the market and currency, which are not peculiar to the construction industry alone. The high level of infrastructural deficit everywhere is an indication that Nigeria has the potential for construction opportunities that foreign investors can tap into.

    How would you rate the level of civil engineering expertise in Nigeria?

    In my opinion, the average Nigerian engineer is good, but we have more engineers, who lack the necessary theoretical, academic and management skills. I, therefore, think that the Nigerian government through its Ministry of Education and perhaps the National Universities Commission (NUC) should as a matter of urgency review and enhance the current Engineering curricular to enhance the quality of Engineers being churned out from the universities.

    Your firm is building the first steel and concrete structure in the country. What is the history behind your firm?

    ITB Nigeria Limited was established in 1995 to address the growing demand for innovation and improved engineering expertise in Nigeria. With over two decades of experience in the construction industry, we have executed various landmark projects in the country among which are the National Assembly Complex Abuja; the Eko Hotel Expo Centre Lagos; the Intercontinental Hotel; the Heritage Place, among others. Our in-house divisions include Concrete Division, Design Department, Formwork division, Aluminum factory, Pre-cast division, Post tension Division, MEP Division, ITB Joinery, which cater for all furniture needs of our clients; ITB Hollow Core Factory- producing pre-stressed hollow core slabs and elements all to deliver speed of execution. We have also ventured into cost reduction for one of our clients with our recent foray into Steel Structure installation at Azure Peninsula.

    How does ITB integrate environmentally sustainable practices into its operations and projects?

    ITB is fully committed to a clean and green environment. We are the contractor of choice for such practices. This is the reason we were selected to build the First Green Building in Nigeria-The Heritage Project, Ikoyi. Our Health, Safety and Environment policy and practice are second to none with verifiable results. We also tend to reduce material wastes by using alternate materials, as exemplified by our steel works at Azuri Peninsula, Eko Atlantic City.

    Looking at trends in the construction industry, particularly with the advancements in technology, what plans do you have for the future?

    Indeed, technology is a game changer in the construction industry. ITB is always excited about the possibilities that technology makes possible. We have been pioneers of several technologies and we are consistently investing in research and development to improve our methods and deliver value to our esteemed clients. We have made studies and inroads into Acoustic readings and systems, in-depth researches in temperatures of concrete, admixtures and we have a multi-million dollar laboratory dedicated for purposes such as these.  Therefore, our plan for the future is to not relent in embracing all forms of construction technology as that is the future of construction.

    What cutting-edge services keeps you ahead of competition?

    Our foremost differentiating factor is “Value Engineering.” This is an organised method or effort directed at reviewing and analysing designed building features, systems, materials selection and equipment with a view to reducing costs, consistent with required performance, increased and improved functionality, quality, reliability and safety. In addition, our firm has a functional quality management system, which harnesses all of the engineering processes to consistently meet and exceed our clients’ expectations and requirements.  We are also the only construction company in Nigeria with the capability and functionality of an in-house mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) services division. This division can effortlessly deliver and provide comprehensive MEP, contracting services for all-scale projects. The quality of our workforce also makes us stand out from others.

    What are the major challenges you encounter as a businessman in the environment?

    I do not really see major challenges doing business in Nigeria; however, the economy is not very favourable and this has led to an increase in the cost of managing overheads for a company of our magnitude.

  • How to stop tanker explosions, by safety engineers

    The Nigerian Institute of Safety Engineers (NISE) has suggested four steps to end petrol tanker explosions in the country.

    It said the key lies in reforming the regulation, design, construction, operations and maintenance of the tankers.

    A statement by its national chairman, A. B. Oyedepo, condoled with the bereaved families of the June 28 explosion in Lagos, and urged the government and stakeholders to check such incidents.

    The statement reads: “Proper regulation of the design, construction, operations and maintenance of petroleum tankers should be done by sector regulators, including the Department of Petroleum, Vehicle Inspection authorities, Road Safety agencies, and so on.

    “Design of petroleum tankers for roads should comply with basic standards that will ensure that such tankers do not rupture or explode easily upon impact.

    “Construction of tankers should be done by certified builders who use trained welders that comply with welding standards for petroleum tanker construction. Petroleum Tankers should be driven by drivers who are trained on basic safety standards specifically for petroleum tankers.

    “Maintenance of tankers should be done by qualified mechanics who comply with basic standards for automobile maintenance.”

    According to Oyedepo, the NISE has the capacity to assist stakeholders “who require professional assistance in their own sphere of activities to improve the safety of our roads.

    “The NISE looks forward to eliminating the menace of petroleum tanker fires on Nigerian roads.”

  • VC urges engineers on entrepreneurial mindset

    University of Ilorin Vice Chancellor Prof. Sulyman Abdulkareem has advised engineers to always approach their projects with an entrepreneurial mindset.

    Abdulkareem gave the advice in his welcome address at the fourth edition of the National Engineering Project Exhibition (EPEX), which held at the university.

    He explained that having an entrepreneurial mindset would help in solving the problems facing the nation and provide jobs for a large number of jobless and frustrated youth.

    “The VC pointed out that Nigeria and other countries are looking for solutions to their peculiar challenges and engineering projects are key ingredients of those solutions.’’

    According to him, the exhibition is a platform to showcase and demonstrate the best of various innovative engineering projects undertaken by undergraduates in Nigeria.

    He said the programme was expected to stimulate the innovative and technical skills of students and to motivate them.

    “EPEX offers engineering students opportunities to develop independent critical thinking skills, collaborative working skills, oral and written communication and presentation skills as well as marketing skills, thereby building their confidence.

    “The programme is expected to reward the engineering students, and assure them that the society still values excellence,” he said.

    According to the VC, the undergraduate project is considered to be an important part of the engineering education process and one of the major processes of independent research that a student will undertake.

    “The engineering projects improve innovative spirit, make transformation of theory to applications possible, enrich  knowledge on renewing technologies, prepare you for career path, remind you of your responsibilities to your society, boost curiosities and love for studies and improve team building and problem-solving skills and many more,” he said.