Tag: Mosquito

  • About Malaria: The mosquito

    The word mosquito means “little fly” in Spanish.  This insect has adapted to living in various parts of the world, where there are humans.  There are about 3500 species or types of mosquitoes adapted to live in diverse environments, some on mountains and others in valleys. The Culiseta species, for example, may be adapted to cold regions and the Anopheles species may be adapted to hot regions.   In Africa, some of the species found are Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus, Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti.

    Mosquitoes are important to humans because they transmit microbes that cause various diseases: malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, West Nile virus, chikungunya, filariasis, tularemia, encephalitis, and various forest and river fevers.

    The presence of the mosquito around humans is stubborn because the female mosquito that feeds on human blood does so to nourish its eggs. They are apparently attracted to humans by the exhaled carbon dioxide and heat trail.

    The life cycle of a mosquito consists of four stages: egg, pupa, larva, and adult.  The complete metamorphosis takes about one month.

    The female mosquito may lay up to 300 eggs a day, and thousands of eggs in its lifetime.  The eggs of Culex and Culiseta species may attach together forming a floating raft. Anopheles and Aedes lay eggs singly and do not form rafts.

    The mosquito eggs are laid on fresh water surfaces – particularly on stagnant pools.  This can be on water trapped in litter, trash, potholes, tree holes, gutters, sewers, irrigation water, open water tanks, and unkempt environments.  One of the chief methods of malaria control is environmental management.

    The eggs hatch within 2 days into larvae (wrigglers) that move around and feed on minute aquatic plants and other microorganisms. The larvae of some species hang from the water surface because they need to breathe air from the water surface and one of the methods of controlling malaria or preventing malaria epidemics is by spraying water surfaces to create an oily film through which the larvae cannot breathe.  Larvae may protect themselves when disturbed by wriggling down into the water.

    The mosquito larvae pass through molting stages, shedding their outer parts or exoskeleton four times, growing to about 5 mm in length, and eventually become pupae. The stages between molts are called instars and can be a few days to two weeks long depending on the species, the water temperature, and availability of microbes for food.  The pupae undergo development within themselves for about 4 days, without feeding, until an adult fly emerges. Pupae breathe air at the water surface and are sensitive to light and disturbances. Pupae tend to tumble down into the water when disturbed, hence they are nicknamed tumblers.  Water bodies used for landscaping can be prevented from becoming mosquito breeding ground if landscapers introduce tiny aquatic animal species that feed on mosquito eggs, wrigglers, and tumblers.

    The eggs, larvae, or pupae of some mosquito species may lay dormant through unfavorable weather or bad conditions and rejuvenate when conditions are conducive.

    During emergence from pupae, males come out faster and stay nearby to quickly mate with females.

    About 30% males die on emergence and the rest of the males live for about one week, feeding on plant juices.  Females can live much longer, even up to five months, and travel far, even up to 40 km, in their life time. They feed on plant juices as well as human blood which they need to nourish their eggs.  Depending on the species, they may lay eggs once or several times in their life.

    Dr. Theresa Adebola John is a lecturer at Lagos State University College of Medicine (LASUCOM) and an affiliated researcher at the College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis.  For any comments or questions on this column, please email bolajohnwritings@yahoo.com or call 08160944635

  • World Malaria Day: Ready to beat malaria

    World Malaria Day was established in May 2007 by the 60th session of the world health assembly.

    The day was established to provide education and understanding about the much dreaded disease – malaria, and to raise the consciousness of the people on the “year long intensified implementation of national malaria control strategies including community –based activities for its prevention and treatment in endemic areas.”

    This day seeks to raise awareness about the disease, the serious and sometimes fatal disease that plagues most tropical regions.

    It was proclaimed by the world health organisation. It is celebrated annually on April 25.  

    Find below some very interesting quotes and facts about the disease:

    1. The theme for this year’s celebration is Ready to beat malaria.
    2. Only the female Anopheles mosquito can transmit malaria.
    3. After the mosquito bites, it usually takes 2 to 4weeks to display symptoms.
    4. Usually, the mosquito only bites between 9pm and 5am. Making a mosquito net over the bed is a very effective tool in its prevention.
    5. There are over 100 species of the parasite, the most deadly being the plasmodium, falciparum, found in Africa.                      

    Yearly, World Health Organisation ( WHO ) partners with organizations (private, government and nongovernmental organization) commemorate the day.

    The Theme underscores the collective energy and commitment of the global malaria community in uniting around the common goal of a world free of the disease.

    It highlights the remarkable progress achieved in tackling one of humanity’s oldest diseases.

    It manifests itself in a sundry of ways and symptoms, including:

    1. Moderate to severe shaking chills
    2. High fever
    3. Sweating
    4. Headache
    5. Vomiting
    6. Diarrhea
    7. Nausea

    Below are a few (though not exhaustive) ways to prevent it:

    1. Determine your level of risk
    2. Always use a bed-net impregnated with insecticides
    3. Use mosquito repellent
    4. Go for long sleeves
    5. Insect repellent again
    6. Check the malaria risks – Get an antimalarial (if necessary)
    7. Follow your prescription carefully
  • Sleeping safely and soundly in a mosquito den

    Small doctor, where art thou?

    This is the season of the rain and of the mosquito! Small Doctor is the nickname of Temitope Adekunle the musician from downtrodden Agege, a suburb of Lagos, who sang hardly known mosquito killer but almost levelled up with high flying stars, such as Olamide, when he came up with Gbera.

    Mosquito killer is like a rudderless ship on a stormy sea, directionless and prone to wreckage. Even when the Small Doctor came up with a video presentation to charge the batteries, literally speaking, the effort would appear to come to naught. For, still there was no clearly visible message in the marketing matching. The lyrics are all about “I dey kill mosquito well well” which translates somewhat as “I am good at killing mosquitoes”. But, for goodness sake, which mosquitoes aret hese? Are they the treasury thieves or the social parasites, Tunji Braithwaite said in a presidential election campaign were “rats and cockroaches” he would eliminate from the corridors of power if he became president of Nigeria in 1979 or 1983?” or, are they real mosquitoes which kill hundreds of thousands of Nigerians every year, striking the young and the old, men and women, pregnant women and infants?

    I took little interest in MOSQUITO KILLER until the idea for this column came up, just before the rain season when scorching heat deploys hordes of mosquitoes into many homes.

    I thought about the Small Doctor, about Mosquito killer and about Mr. Erumoselle Sanni Isah. Mr. Isah runs a communications ideas company in Lagos, Still eto productions which generates marketing ideas. I wondered what he would do with Mosquito Killer if it comes his way. As for me, I would make a video in which the Small Doctor would don the garb of a sanitary inspector, fumigating all open drains and water receptacles, handing out “treated” mosquito nets and making small talk about how to keep the mosquito at bay, to reduce the incidence of malaria and malaria fever induced deaths and things like that. The dancing will be minimal. The message will ride high on it. It is possible the government or the World Health Organisation (WHO) or any other organisation would recognise the Small Doctor and make him its “Ambassador” in the battle against the mosquito! Mr Isah agrees such a project may make the Small Doctor to “blow”, as they say in the Nigerian music industry. Meanwhile, the Small Doctor has caught on a little more in the market with GBERA than he did with MOSQUITO KILLER.This new song is about dog racing, a current social trend which he has highlighted from the shadows to the point that this title, GBERA, has gained the currency of a slang in the crowded streets and neighborhoods. I hope that the video presentation would not lack a good massage.

    Mosquito catcher

    On a more serious note, the mosquito killer of old is back in town. This time, it is called mosquito catcher. I do not remember what name it bore in the 1950s when my father hung it from the ceiling of our rooms. It looked like a roll of photographic film unwound from the spool and bore a sticky surface with sweet fragrance. The fragrance invited to it insects such as the fly, the cockroach. Once they perched on it, presumably for the “nectar” they got gummed to the wax and died there. And when in my fathers’opinion, this device had caught enough insects, he brought it down and fixed a new one. I guess this protected our family against mosquito bites and malaria fever. But the mosquito killer disappeared from the Nigerian market soon after the country’s independence. I took little or no notice of it when I grew up and was on my own.

    Thought of it flooded back to me last month when, like many people in Lagos, I was bombarded by a hail of mosquitoes every night despite a perfect mosquito-proof netting on all windows in the house. You only needed to run your palm over your arm to realise many mosquitoes had lined up there for a while to suck your blood.  I hate the mosquitos spray and the mosquito coil because of the dangerous side effects of their chemicals. And I was to learn the well-advertised anti-mosquito body cream, which keeps mosquitos away from you, have bits of insecticides. Bits of them are said to be safe for human health. But I have learned to see well beneath the surface of such claims. I am persuaded the explosion in the use of mosquito insecticides (sprays and coils and air fresher’s) have a hand in the growing wave of asthma and respiratory ailments, and even cancer of all sorts.

    HEN my bedroom became a semblance of a mosquito den a few weeks ago, I went for a brand of insect (including mosquito catcher) which performed some wonders. my son who hung one on the ceiling of his room says the mosquitoes are virtually gone. Mrs. Florence Akinbom Fusi has another testimony and has promised to tell mosquito-troubled people about her experience. She and her daughters, Cella and Daisy, were finding it difficult to enjoy a shared evening, watching television, in the sitting-room because of mosquitos. Their bedrooms faired only a little better. But since they have been using the mosquito catcher in these rooms, they have encountered little or no mosquito menace. Mrs. Fusi says she doesn’t know how it works for she has found no mosquitoes stuck to the insect catcher. Rather, she has seen flying termites, those winged insects which besiege a light source for warmth, the evening after a rain. As children we caught plenty of them, threw them in a bucket or bowe of water, washed them thoroughly, strung them on a clear broomstick, immersed the broomsticks in saline (salt) water and finally roasted the game for a meal. Mrs. Fusi says it is possible the mosquitoes get near the insect catcher and are knocked out and down by the smell of chemical on the wax. I tend to believe her because my son’s insect catcher, too, like mine, has caught no mosquito, yet our rooms are mosquito free, and actually, there is a mosquito impression on the package of the product. The experiences of other users of this product should make interesting reading. I suspect the mosquito catcher even better when stuck to the celling near and electric light source. But what happens when power fails all through the night?

    MALARIA FEVER

    Many people like me can live with the mosquito for as long as it doesn’t disturb our sleep by humming into our ears. Such people are GENOTYPE AA and such people buckle easily. SS and SC genotype people are the worst. AS people take things for granted. Maybe they wouldn’t, if they knew that the mosquito can cause disease similar in severity to the Lassa fever caused by a specie of rats. For AA, SS and SC people, the fear of the mosquito should be the beginning of wisdom. Thus, after several bouts in one year with the attendant loss of energy, money and the time to do useful things, they seek help from alternative medicine when pharmaceutical medicines have failed. I have an AA genotype son who, like the mother, also an AA, has outgrown his malaria fever attacks. Mr. Rogba Okunlade, one of my colleagues, first at The Guardian Newspaper and later at The Comet    Newspaper, should remember this story. Mr. Okunlade and I traveled in his car to Babcock University for the matriculation of a Marylyn, daughter of an acquaintance of mine. Halfway through the programme, I received a text message on my cell phone from the boarding house master of my son at MODEL COLLEGE, KANKON, near Badagry. It read:”Your son is ill, come quickly otherwise it may be too late”.

    We rushed out on a journey of about 100 kilometres through Sango Ota,Ilaro/Ado Odo and places such as these, suffering three tyre bust. To cut the story shot, we brought him to June 1 Hospital on Opebi Road, Ikeja, Lagos, where, in addition to his medication he also took his herbs. These included Lemon grass tea, Karela tea and Egungun eja (Brimstone). I can vouch for them all in the therapy to prevent or cure malaria fever. There is yet another called Chanka Piedra called stone Crusher by the Asians because it dissolves kidney and gall bladder stones. It is a tropical rain season herbs the Yorubas call Ehenbi Sowo or Ehin Olube. These herbs are bitter.So, many children, including my son, didn’t like them. I was tired of being summoned at short notice to pick a sick child from school. So, I struck a deal with my son. He had attained the age during which young boys become conscious of their bodies and wish to grow muscles for sex or other appeal. At that time, I sold a product named MUSCLE BLAST, which sportsmen took to grow muscles. I did not like him to take tinned milk or powder tinned milk or powder milk to school. The damaging effects of the sludges they cause in the intestine were obvious in oral thrust (candida) on his tongue, breadth and foul-smelling poop.

    HE MUSCLE BLAST is sweet, and, so, I would not give it to anyone who does not burn sugar by the minute. But I conceded it to him. In his presence, to carry him along as they say, I mixed one whole jar with one whole can of FOREVER ALO LITE, a nutritional milk formula, and the powder of lemon grass, Brimstone, Karela and Ehinbisowo. The taste was balanced slightly in favour of Sweet. The anti-malarial herbs did their jobs well in this unusual marriage. And till he left school, my son never came down with malaria fever. When I lived in a company house at Ikeja, I grew about 100 heads of Lemon grass, the flower beds which lined the perimeter fences. I also grew Blue Vervain (Verbana Histata) for the Iiver, gums, sound sleep etc. and sundry other herbs. I obtained the powder herbs from Mrs. Elizabeth Obauwana, of Health Ways, who freeze-dried them at Iju for sale on Allen Avenue. Today, although she is still agile enough for such business, this well-known florist would appear to have developed interest in other fields of human activity. I will always remember her especially for KARELA, which also helps to lower blood sugar. As for Lemon grass, no one in my family had breakfast without having taken a glass or two of Lemon grass tea in those years our children were growing up. Such was my confidence that Plasmodium, the mosquito-injected parasite which causes malaria fever, cannot exist in a bloodstream infused with Lemon grass that I briefly advised our doctors not to give our children anti-malaria injections or other medications whenever they ran temperature and went to hospital. Many doctors, quite naturally, like to climb a mountain not from the summit. Thus, unless a blood test had been run to guide them, they would like to assume malaria attack. It is only after anti-malaria medications seem not to work that other assumptions would come up. Only few doctors add antibiotics to the starter anti-malaria. I had read of the finding of a study by Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and of another by the Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi (FIIRO) that hot water extracts of Lemon grass effectively kill Plasmodium in the blood stream without much ado. In my work as a public advocate of Traditional Medicine, there was a time I wore Lemon grass oil as perfume to invite attention to lemon grass medicine. If people who were down with malaria were brought to my office, I would ask them to procure water in 1.5 litters bottle. Into this, I would discharge between two and three drops of lemon grass essential oil. Within about 30 minute or one hour of sipping the water, they would be on their feet again, agile and cracking. I often did the same with (clove oil) for people who had tooth ache.

    Another proprietary product I will not easily forget is DOMKAT ALI, sold by DYNAPHARM. Known more for its potential to boost stamina, especially for male sexual virility. Domkat Ali has at least one anti-malarial component which gives it the kicks against plasmodium: all of these, and many more that would be mentioned from time to time, should help the earnest health hunter overcome the menace of mosquitoes this rain season. For the Small Doctor, nothing is lost as yet. I DEY KILL MOSQUITO WELL WELL is an evergreen lyric which will continue to sell for as long as there are mosquitoes around to torment our health and disturb our peace of mind, and for as long message in this song (MOSQUITO KILLER) can be well adapted to our circumstances and immediate needs.

    So let us all welcome the rain season and the mosquito with more confidence irrespective of whether our genotype is AA, SS or SC or even AS.

  • ‘Mosquito’ challenges Warri Wolves on ambition

    ‘Mosquito’ challenges Warri Wolves on ambition

    WarriWolves midfield marshal, Ibenegbu Ikechukwu has challenged his team mates to raise the bar on their ambitions, as the team prepares to challenge for the new season.

    Ibenegbu, who is a part of the Nigeria Beach Soccer team, disclosed that his aim of joining the club has not been fulfilled, thus, he has urged his team mates to brace up and win something with him this season.

    Mosquito – as Ibenegbu is known in Nigeria football circle – revealed that the main reason of playing for the Warri based team is to win trophies and he believes the team can do it if all work together.

    “My aim of joining this club has not been met. I came here to win trophies and it really pained me that we did not win anything last season. I just want to appeal to all, including Management to put all hands on deck and see that we win something.”

    Meanwhile, Ibenegbu is happy with the progress made so far this season even with the late resumption, especially the spirit displaced against the National U-23 in their first match which they lost by two goals to one.

    “I am happy with the progress made so far ,especially the way they have been going about it even though we resumed late. We have a combination of experience and young boys who are hungry to make a name for themselves and that is good for the team,” said Ibenegbu.