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Tag: Nigerian Bar Association (NBA)

  • Land Use Charge: NBA rejects LASG’s 50% reduction

    The Nigerian Bar Association ( NBA ), Ikeja Branch, has rejected the 50 per cent reduction of the Land Use Charge recently reviewed by the Lagos State Government.

    The Chairman, Mr Adeshina Ogunlana, told our reporter on Thursday said that the reduction by the Gov. Akinwunmi Ambode led-administration is “unacceptable”.

    “I am yet to hear officially from the  government about that reduction or see a document about it,  I have only seen news flash which I will treat only as a rumour.

    “The rumoured reduction is not acceptable, I don’t trust this government; this is democracy and if there is going to be a reduction you have to consult with the people.

    “The reduction is arbitrary and lacks legal basis. Due process must be followed, the law must be repealed and amended.

    “You cannot repeal a law by proclamation, we are not in the military era where laws are made by decrees and proclamation,” he said.

    On the association’s next line of action, Ogunlana said: “The NBA Ikeja branch will hold a press briefing to address this issue.”

    NAN reports that the LASG had increased the Land Use Charge by 400 per cent,  motor rate taxes by 1, 600 per cent, court Fees by 2,000 per cent and bore hole taxes by 68,000 per cent.

    Following the raise, the NBA Ikeja Branch had on March 13 in a solidarity with various human rights groups staged a peaceful protest from its Secretariat at Ikeja to the seat of power — the Lagos State Secretariat, Alausa.

    The protesters had at the State Secretariat presented a letter from the NBA to Gov. Ambode, who was represented by Mr Kehinde Bamigbetan, the State Commissioner for Information and Strategy.

    The letter dated March 12 was entitled, “Call For A Re-think and Review of The Land Use Charge Tax, All Other Excessive Taxes, Levies and Charges in Lagos State”.

    In reaction to the protest of the lawyers and activists, the Lagos State Government on Thursday announced a 50 percent reduction of the Land Use Charge.

    The reduction was part of the conclusions reached at the weekly meeting of the State Executive Council chaired by Ambode.

    NAN

  • Magu: Lawyers differ following court ruling

    Magu: Lawyers differ following court ruling

    Senior lawyers yesterday expressed different views on the status of Ibrahim Magu as Acting Chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission ( EFCC ) following yeaterday’s judgment of a Federal High Court in Abuja.

    Justice J. T. Tsoho said the senate acted within the law when it screened and rejected Magu’s nomination as EFCC chairman.

    Prof Itse Sagay SAN, Seyi Sowemimo SAN, Festus Keyamo SAN and Nigerian Bar Association ( NBA ) Vice President Monday Onyekachi Ubani offered their thoughts pending when they read the full judgment. 

    Sagay said: “I don’t expect that the judgment will have an effect on Ibrahim Magu’s status as Acting EFCC Chairman. I don’t expect that there’s anything externally that is going to affect Magu’s position. 

    “I don’t know whether the judge considered Section 171 of the Constitution which even allows the President to appoint heads of agencies like Magu’s agency without any reference to the Senate. That is already there, so I don’t know what was brought to the court’s attention. When we see the full judgment we will be able to express our opinion. 

    Sowemimo observed, among others, that in the event that the ruling includes a court order removing Magu from office, he would probably seek a stay of execution and launch an appeal.

    Keyamo noted, among others, the law did not prescribe a time limit for Magu to remain in an acting capacity. 

    Keyamo said: The fact that the law has not circumscribed the amount of time or the time period that someone can act as the head of an agency, it would mean therefore that I see no legal problem at all in Ibrahim Magu continuing to act as the Chairman of the EFCC, there is no legal impediment at all.”

    But Ubani advised the Executive to “respect and obey the judgement of the 

    Federal High Court unless they have secured a contrary judgement from the appellate courts.”

  • Agbakoba: Why 2018 appropriation bill is unconstitutional

    Agbakoba: Why 2018 appropriation bill is unconstitutional

    A former Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) President Olisa Agbakoba (SAN) today said the Executive has not fully complied with constitutional provisions in preparing this year’s Appropriation Bill with regards to the Judiciary.

    He said he would initiate legal proceedings and pray the court to set aside the 2018 budget if the right thing is not done within seven days.

    Agbakoba, in January 3 letters to Senate President Bukola Saraki and House of Representatives Speaker Yakubu Dogara, noted that President Muhammadu Buhari has laid the 2018 Appropriation Bill before the National Assembly and discussions are ongoing on the estimates.

    He said sections 81 to 84 of the 1999 Constitution (as amended) set out the procedure for preparing the Appropriation Bill, but that it was not complied with as far the Judiciary is concerned.

    “The Constitution requests each arm of government (the Executive, Legislature and the Judiciary) to lay before the National Assembly its estimates of revenue and expenditure for each financial year, after which it is appropriated, harmonised as a Bill and presented to the President for his assent.

    “Unfortunately, the Executive has failed to comply with this procedure by laying before the National Assembly estimates of revenues and expenditure for the Judiciary.

    “This is in spite of a subsisting Federal High Court decision in Olisa Agbakoba vs. Attorney-General of the Federation & Others, with suit number FHC/ABJ/CS/63/2013 that has declared this practice unconstitutional,” Agbakoba said.

    The frontline human rights activist urged the National Assembly to draw the Executive’s attention to the Federal High Court’s decision.

    He urged the National Assembly to send a request to the National Judicial Council (NJC) to lay before it the Judiciary’s estimates of revenue and expenditure for 2018.

    Agbakoba said the Executive should be made to represent its estimates for 2018.

    “We are unaware if the National Assembly has laid it budget estimates. But, please note that if after seven days the constitutional procedure is not complied with, we shall have no choice but to initiate legal proceedings to enforce the decision of the Federal High Court and set aside the 2018 Appropriation Bill,” Agbakoba said.

  • We must avert collapse of public confidence in judicial system – Buhari 

    We must avert collapse of public confidence in judicial system – Buhari 

    President Muhammadu Buhari has asked the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), to work with the government to avert the collapse of public confidence in the justice system of the country.

    Speaking while receiving the National Executive Committee (NEC) of the NBA at the State House on Thursday in Abuja, the President warned that a collapse of public confidence in the justice system will have disastrous consequences for the entire country.

    In a statement by the Senior Special Assistant on Media and publicity, Garba Shehu, the President said “Let me reiterate that the collapse of public confidence in the justice system will have disastrous effects on our democracy and will negatively affect the capacity of the legal profession to thrive and flourish in the country,”

    In making a request to the NBA to ensure the highest form of discipline among its members, President Buhari charged the body to ensure that all cases of indiscipline and corruption are tackled effectively.

    He expressed worries about allegations of the roles of some senior lawyers in attempts to corrupt judges and the judicial system.

    President Buhari also gave assurances that his administration will continue to operate on a foundation of the Rule of Law.

    He said “We are convinced that corruption and impunity flourish when due process mechanisms are disregarded.  We, however, expect a corresponding duty on the part of all professional bodies such as the NBA to ensure the highest forms of discipline among their members”.

    The President urged the members of the legal profession, whom he described as opinion builders in their various communities, to work for the public enlightenment of the citizenry, and to support the initiatives of government in sanitizing the public services, improving standards of public accountability and the insistence on the normal standards of judicial integrity.

    He emphasized that government will continue to dwell on its programmes of a vigorous anti-corruption campaign; ensuring the recovery of looted national assets; prosecution of an effective and sustainable anti-terrorism war; and the institutionalization of law and order in all aspects of our national life.

    President Buhari thanked the members of the NBA for their support so far, and urged them to do more in that regard.

    He noted concerns raised by the NBA President and assured of his readiness to work with the bar association and the Judiciary to achieve needed reforms.

    In his remarks, the President of the NBA, Abubakar Balarabe Mahmud, SAN, had commended President Buhari for his confidence in the members of the association, considering the number of lawyers in high places in the administration.

    These included the Vice-President, Professor Yemi Osinbajo, SAN; the Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Boss Mustapha; the Chief of Staff to the President, Abba Kyari; the Attorney-General of Federation, Abubakar Malami, SAN, and five other ministers as well as the Permanent Secretary in the State House, Jalal Arabi.

    The NBA President also lauded the administration for its efforts, and expressed the Bar’s continued support in the war against corruption, terrorism and general insecurity as well as the ongoing work to institute good governance and revamp the economy.

    He, however, brought to the attention of President Buhari NBA’s concerns on prisons’ congestion, the need for compliance with judicial decisions and the modus operandi of some of the anti-corruption agencies.

  • Anambra guber poll records impressive turnout

    Anambra guber poll records impressive turnout

    The Anambra governorship election has witnessed impressive turnout of voters at most of the polling units.

    Correspondents who monitored the exercise on Saturday in the three senatorial zones of the state, report that voters were seen in most of the polling units visited as early as 7.30 a.m. waiting to be attended to by the electoral officials.

    Security officials were present in all the polling units visited.

    At Aguleri in Anambra East Local Government Area, the country home of Gov. Willie Obiano, the governor said he was happy with the massive turnout of voters.

    Obiano urged the people yet to come out to do so, noting that effective participation by the people was the only way they could support the advancement of democracy.

    The APC governorship candidate, Dr Tony Nwoye, also told newsmen that the turnout was high and impressive.

    In Oyi, Orumba North and South, Awka South local government areas as well as Onitsha, our correspondents report that the turnout was high in the polling units visited.

    However, the turnout in parts of Orumba north and south was poor because of late arrival of materials and officials of INEC.

    At Aroma Junction, Agu Oka Polling Unit 004 in Awka South Local Government Area, Mr David Anyamele, a Local Election Observer, described the exercise as peaceful and smooth.

    Anyamele, a member of Centre for Citizens with Disabilities, told NAN that he was impressed by the turnout of voters in most of the polling units he visited.

    But at Fagge Area of Onitsha, the turnout was not very impressive.

    Igwe Nneamaka Achebe, the Obi of Onitsha, said that the unimpressive turnout in Onitsha was because majority of people working and doing business in Onitsha were not residents of the area.

    “Most of them live in Nkpor, Obosi, and Idemili areas, but only come to Onitsha to work and do business.

    “The Obi in Council had earlier met and directed the town criers to go round the various communities and announce to the people to participate in the election,’’ Achebe said.

    He described the conduct of the Nov.18 governorship election as smooth, peaceful and fair.

    Meanwhile, a member of the Nigerian Bar Association ( NBA ) Election Working Group, in Onitsha said that the poll began on a good note.

    The Coordinator of the group, Mr Adewale Ademola, said that the materials arrived and all the materials, including ballot boxes, card readers and results sheets were intact.

    Ademola said the card readers were all in good working condition and that the election was smooth.

    NAN

  • Alleged forgery: Prosecution’s error defer Misau ‘s arraignment

    Alleged forgery: Prosecution’s error defer Misau ‘s arraignment

    *To be arraigned Dec. 12

    The planned arraignment of Senator Isah Misau, representing Bauchi Central Senatorial District was stalled yesterday owing to an error notice on the charge sheet filed by lawyers from the office of Attorney General of the Federation.

    Misau, who was in court, and dressed in a brown French suit, was to be arraigned on a 10-count charge in which he was accused of making false documents, including birth certificate.

    When the case was called, Misau, who had sat among the court’s audience, stood up and walked straight into the dock, where he stood for the 25 minutes duration of the proceedings.

    The prosecution lawyer, Saleh Barkun applied to substitute the seven-count earlier filed with an amended one of 10 counts filed on October 27, a request the trial judge, Justice Anwuli Chikere granted and struck out the earlier one.

    Barkun later applied that Misau be arraigned on the amended charge, an application lead defence lawyer, Joshua Musa (SAN) opposed, citing an irregularity on the face of the amended charge.

    Musa noted that the prosecution failed to affix the Nigerian Bar Association ( NBA ) stamp on the charge.

    He argued that the omission amounted to an irregularity under Rule 10 of the Rules of Professional Conduct for Legal Practitioners.

    The defence lawyer supported his position with the decision of the Supreme Court in case of Yaki Vs Bagudu 2015.

    Musa said: “There is an irregularity on the face of the charge, it will be dangerous for the defendant to take his plea.

    Responding, Barkun argued that it was unnecessary to place the stamp on the amended charge, having earlier affixed it to the old charge with which the amended one was substituted.

    Ruling, Justice Chikere upheld Musa’s position and agreed to postpone the arraignment to a later date.

    The judge directed the prosecution to address the irregularity before the next date and adjourned to December 12 this year.

    Misau is, in the amended charge, accused of making and “uttering” false documents which he allegedly submitted to the Independent National Electoral Commission when he was seeking election to the Senate in 2011 and 2014.

    He was said to have made false affidavits in support of personal particulars; statutory declaration of age deposed to at FCT High Court and the Bauchi State Health Management Board Birth Certificate  with number 28799,

    He was accused of making and uttering a Bauchi State Health Management Board Birth Certificate  with number 141400C which he allegedly submitted to INEC on January 28, 2011, knowing it to be false.

    The various birth certificates and statutory declarations of age submitted to INEC by the senator at different times were said to have disclosed different dates of birth.

    Some counts in the charge read:

    “That you lsah Hamman Misau of Hamman Misau Residence, Turaki Street Turaki Street Misau Bauchi State on or about January 28, 2011 at Independent National Electoral Commission Headquarters, Abuja within the jurisdiction of this honourable court, did make a false document to wit: Bauchi State Health Management Board Birth Certificate with Registration No. 141400C which you submitted to the independent Electoral Commission knowing it to be false and you thereby committed an offence contrary to Section 1(2)(c) of the Miscellaneous Offences Act Cap M17, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004 and punishable under the same section of the Act.

    “That you Isah Hamman Misau of Hamman Misau Residence, Turaki Street, Misau, Bauchi State on or about January 28, 2011 at Abuja within the jurisdiction of this honourable court, did utter a false document to wit: Bauchi State Health Management Board Birth Certificate Registration No. 141400C by submitting same to the Independent National Electoral Commission knowing it to be false and you thereby committed an offence contrary to Section 1(2)(c) of the Miscellaneous Offences Act Cap M17, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004 and punishable under the same section of the Act.”

    Misau is facing a different charge before Justice Isahq Bello of the High Court of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) for allegedly making injurious falsehood against the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) and the Inspector General of Police (IGP).

  • NBA threatens to withdraw services from kidnappers, armed robbers

    NBA threatens to withdraw services from kidnappers, armed robbers

    Benin branch of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) has threatened not to represent kidnappers and armed robbery suspects in the state if Edo ace musician, Osayomore Joseph and the Executive Director of Ogba Zoo and Nature Parks, Mr. Andy Ehanire were not released immediately.

    In a communique signed by its chairman, Barr. Ede Asenoguan and Secretary, Osazuwa Omonuwa and made available to newsmen, the NBA condemned the spate of insecurity in the state.

    It said plans were on to convene a security summit where all relevant stakeholder will converge to brainstorm and fashion out the way forward.

    The NBA urged the state police command to “sharpen their strategies with a view to adequately confronting the security challenge being foisted on the state by clandestine activities of these hoodlums and their collaborators.

    “Those responsible for the kidnap and continued abduction of Mr Ehanire and Ambassador Osayomore Joseph should release them immediately and unconditionally.

    “That the Bar shall be forced to resume the withdrawal of her services to kidnap and armed robbery suspects in the state if the situation does not improve. That concerted efforts of all other security agencies in the state should work in tandem with the Edo state Police Command to confront these twin evil of kidnapping and armed robbery currently ravaging the peace of the state.

    “That all residents of the state should be sensitive and ready to assist all the security agencies with relevant information in order to flush out the activities of these criminal minded persons in our midst”.

  • Agbakoba sues govt for excluding Southeast from NNPC board appointments

    Agbakoba sues govt for excluding Southeast from NNPC board appointments

    A former Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) President Dr Olisa Agbakoba (SAN) has sued the Federal Government over alleged violation of the Federal Character principle in the composition of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) board.

    He said none of the persons appointed to fill the nine positions is from the states that make up the Southeast geopolitical zone.

    According to Agbakoba, more than one person was appointed from other geo-political zones in violation of the Constitution.

    Members of the board include Dr Tajuddeen Umar (Northeast), Dr. MaikantiBaru (Northeast), Mr. Abba Kyari (Northeast), Mr. Mahmoud Isa-Dutse (North Central), Mallam Mohammed Lawal and Mallam Yusuf Lawal (both Northerners).

    Others are Dr. Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu (South-South), Dr. Thomas M.A John (South-South), and Dr. Pius Akinyelure (South-West).

    “The reason for the action (lawsuit) is that the Federal Government has always discriminated against Nigerians indigenous to the states in the Southeast zone in the appointments into the board of the second respondent (NNPC).

    “The Federal Government, by the lopsided appointment, accords numerical advantage to states in other geo-political zones to the detriment of the applicant’s Southeast geopolitical zone that is totally excluded from the board of the second respondent,” he said.

    According to him, Section 42 of the 1999 Constitution guarantees the right of every citizen to freedom from discrimination.

    Agbakoba said the Constitution also “prohibits any administrative or executive action of the government or application of any law in force in Nigeria discriminating between Nigerians or accords any privilege or disability to any Nigerian, on account of ethnicity, state of origin, etc.”

    Attorney-General of the Federation, NNPC and the Federal Character Commission are the respondents in the suit filed at the Federal High Court in Abuja.

    Agbakoba is seeking a declaration that the distribution of appointment into the NNPC’s Board made on July 5 last year violates the principle of democracy, social justice and Federal Character prescribed by Section 14(1) and (13) of the 1999 Constitution.

    He is praying for an order of perpetual injunction restraining the Federal Government from further violation of the Constitution and other laws including the Federal Character Commission (Establishment, etc.) Act in appointment of NNPC board members.

    He further asked for an order of perpetual injunction directing the Federal Government to henceforth apply the constitutional principles of democracy, social justice and all laws relating to Federal Character, including the Federal Character Commission (Establishment, etc.) Act in appointing NNPC board members.

  • NBA backs creation of special courts for corruption cases

    NBA backs creation of special courts for corruption cases

    The Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) has thrown its weight behind the decision by the Chief Justice of Nigeria (CJN), Justice Walter Onnoghen to create special courts to handle the trial of corruption cases.

    NBA President, Abubakar Mahmoud (SAN) said members of his association have no objection to the CJN’s initiative, but that the special courts and conventional courts should be well funded and provided with needed materials to enable them function effectively.

    Mahmoud said the objective of the creation of special courts, which is speedy prosecution of criminal cases, can be achieved if attention is paid to the bigger picture of ensuring a functional criminal justice system.

    He spoke in Abuja on Tuesday, while inaugurating two committees of the NBA. They are the Disciplinary Prosecution Committee (DPC) and Constitution Review Committee.

    The NBA President said: “There has been a lot of agitation for special court, and as you know, this is not the first time that we will be having a special court in the country. We have had special courts before.

    “Essentially, what is important is that the courts are given enough resources and given nigrostriatal and manpower support to undertake speedy trial of, especially corruption cases. There is a lot of dissatisfaction about the speed of these trials.

    “So we don’t have any objection to the special courts being set up. But, in addition, we must not lose sight of the wider issues involved in criminal justice administration. We have a new Criminal Justice Act, which came into force in 2015.

    “A lot of innovations have been introduced. NBA is now in the process of organising a summit to really review the progress of the implementation of this Act and see what lessons have been learnt so far and what areas need to be improved. The whole idea, being that we need a more effective and a criminal justice system with improved speed,” Mahmoud said.

    He explained that although the existing Disciplinary Prosecution team of the NBA was doing well, the newly inaugurated one is an enlarged one, meant to bring in more hands, with the intention of speeding up the prosecution of erring members, and to give more teeth to NBA’s regulatory responsibilities.

    Mahmoud said the Constitution Review Committee is set up to address all the lingering issues affecting the NBA constitution. He said the decision to set up the committee was taken at the last annual general meeting of the association held in Lagos.

    He said the committee will, among others, look at the election process of the association, which he described as expensive, primordial and hardly allows the emergence of the best candidates.

    Mahmoud said after an extensive study of different models and best practices across diverse jurisdictions and countries, it has been concluded that no Bar Association or Law Society practices the existing NBA model of leadership succession and election of national officers.

    Members of the constitution review committee are: Yusuf O. Ali, SAN (Chairman) ; Prof. Paul Idornigie, SAN; Prof. Tahir Mamman, SAN; Hon. Obafemi Adewale; Prof. Ogugua Ikpeze; Mrs. Abimbola Akerdolu SAN; Sagir Gezawa, Esq; Yusuf Dadien, Esq; and Ogaga John Emoghwanre, Esq.

    Others are: Mrs. Mercy I . Agada; Chris Nnoli, Esq; Mustapha Adekola, Esq; and Al`Ameen Abubakar, Esq.

  • ACBF calls for establishment of Africa Central Bank, Africa Monetary Fund

    ACBF calls for establishment of Africa Central Bank, Africa Monetary Fund

    The African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF) on Thursday called for the establishment of Africa Central Bank and Africa Monetary Fund.

    Prof. Emmanuel Nnadozie, the ACBF Executive Secretary, made the suggestion in Lagos at the final plenary session of the 2017 Annual General Conference of Nigerian Bar Association (NBA).

    He said that these two institutions were need in Africa to foster economic integration.

    “Everybody has a role to play in the regional integration of Africa. We need to ensure that pan African credit institutions are adequately involved in the integration process.”

    The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the theme of the conference was “African Business: Penetrating through Institution Building’’.

    The plenary session was sub-themed ‘Trans-boundary Infrastructure and Development.”

    Nnadozie also advocated that the anthem of the African Union (AU) be sang alongside the member states’ national anthems at continental events.

    The session was moderated by Ms Uzo Madu, a multimedia journalist and the founder EU-Africa Communications.

    “In the spirit of ‘Africanness,’ the AU Anthem should be sang, alongside the national anthem, the AU flag should be hoisted alongside flags of African nations in public places”.

    NAN reports that the panelists at the plenary session were Prof. Makane Mbengue of the University of Geneva, Mr Akshai Foforia, a lawyer and Partner at Pinsent Masons.

    Others were Mr Adeyinka Adeyemi, the Head of Regional Integration and Infrastructural Cluster of United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and Prof. Sylviam Boko, Principal Regional Advisor, UNECA.

    Nnadozie stressed the need to address political issues confronting trans-boundary integration in Africa as well as means of broadening intra-regional infrastructure.

    “There is no question that regional integration is critical to Africa’s development.

    “A lot has been achieved since the idea of regional integration was introduced to the continent though there is a lot of room for improvement.

    “Of Africa’s 55 countries, only five belong to five regional economic committees, while four belong to three of such.

    “Regional integration in Africa has tended to follow a top down approach. Most African countries are intergovernmental in nature making it difficult to make decisions.

    “It is important to address these issues, we need transformational leadership, Africannness, allow a solid financial capacity and foster a regional citizen development process.’’

    Nnadozie said that the ACBF, which was founded in 1991 to address the issues of designing and building the human capital of Africans, had invested over $1billion to help various governments in the continent.

    Prof. Adeyemi told delegates that UNECA adopted 16 trans-boundary projects to aid regional integration in Africa in 2014.

    “To allay the fears of investors in these projects, we created a comprehensive risk mapping exercise to aid investors to better understand the 16 projects.

    “We hired a top law firm in Nigeria and we created a law of eight sections and 26 articles.

    Adeyemi urged prospective investors to overcome the fear of risk of investing in Africa, noting that it would be of significant benefit to explore the first stages of investments in Africa.

    Boko called for strategic planning and political support to trans-boundary policies.

    “We need a capacity to be able to conduct strategic planning and not just planning; we tend to forget the sartorial factors of planning, there is need for coherence in the planning development process,” Boko said.

    Foforia said that there were ways through which Africa could attract more investors.

    “The proposed project has to make money; the various risks in the project has to be allocated to those best able to manage them.

    “There is a need for political stability, an attractive legal framework is important and there is a need for a robust contractual framework to allocate risks,” he said.

    Prof. Mbengue discussed the Pan-African Investment Code which has been drafted by the AU to aid African countries in their use of bilateral treaties and laws.

    “The code is to bring more clarity in the regulation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa.

    “Traditional investment law focused a lot on protection of investors, but what foreign investors need is a facilitation process like a facilitation of visa procedures, communication and infrastructure.

    “The code tries to give African countries a guide to attract investors into respective countries,” Mbengue said.

    The professor also highlighted the importance of effective framework of arbitration to enable investors have access to justice.