The Nation Newspaper

Tag: PUBLIC

  • Health workers vow to cripple public hospitals

    The Joint Health Sector Unions (JOHESU) and Assembly of Healthcare Professional Associations (AHPA) have vowed to cripple activities in Federal Government health facilities.

    JOHESU gave a 15-day ultimatum, from February 3, 2016, to resume its strike if its 10-point demand is not met.

    The ultimatum expires on Wednesday and the group threatened to continue the strike.

    A copy of the associations’ warning, addressed to Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Head of Civil Service of the Federation and some security agencies, was signed by JOHESU’s Chairman, Biobelemoye Josiah.

    It noted that unless government meets its demand, it will resume the suspended strike.

    The unions decried the neglect of its members, which contribute 95 per cent of health care providers.

    This is the first time the unions would threaten strike since President Muhammadu Buhari assumed power last May.

    JOHESU seeks, among others, implementation of a new circular on promotion from CONHESS 14 to 15 as directors, “which places premium on the need to sanction defaulting hospital managements”.

  • Zuma: Lessons for public officers

    SIR: Sometime in 2014, a South African anti-corruption watchdog had in a damning report titled ‘Secure in Comfort’ accused President Jacob Zuma of ‘benefitting unduly’ from the excessive 216 million rands ($23million) upgrades of his Nkandla home. The upgrade facility included swimming pool described as ‘fire fighting faculty’; a chicken run, a cattle enclosure, an amphitheatre and a visitors’ lounge. President Zuma, in a typical politician volte-face claimed that the renovations were essential to improve ‘security’.

    President Zuma, having realized the avalanche of evidence and the weight of pressures being mounted by the ‘stubborn’ EFF leader, Julius Malema and other opposition members has bowed to the pressures. His attorney, Jeremy Gauntlett conceded that he was wrong to have ignored the anti-corruption watchdog’s report to pay back the money spent on his personal home. He has now promised to repay some portion of the money he misappropriated in the course of renovation of his house. He has directed the Auditor- General and Finance Minister to determine the amount he is to pay!

    The opposition Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) and Democratic Alliance (DA) have however rejected Zuma’s offer of refund and have vowed to pursue the case to its logical conclusion.

    There are a lot of lessons for Nigerian politicians in this regard, especially at a time when cans of corrupt practices are been opened right, left and centre on daily basis. To state that there are more corrupt politicians in Nigeria than South Africa is an understatement.

    In comparing the case of President Zuma of South Africa, one would notice that the situation is worse here in Nigeria where especially public office holders find it difficult to distinguish between private matters from public ventures. Once a person gets opportunity in government, all his personal costs are catered to from tax-payers money. From burial of deceased relative or parents, birthday parties, son or daughter’s wedding, church/ mosque programme, fueling of personal generators etc are all at government expense in Nigeria. Experience has shown that almost all Nigerian public office holders across levels are mere liabilities to government. They have little or nothing to contribute, but take so much from public treasury.

    It is gladding to know that President Zuma has accepted to refund public funds he ‘unduly benefited’ from even if it’s a paltry sum. Political leaders in Nigeria have developed thick skin that they don’t have any sense of honour, integrity or shame. How do we expect civilized countries to take us seriously when we don’t behave like civilized people?

    It is also a challenge to us where at every slight occasion a team of Senior Advocates of Nigeria (SANs)  are ‘hired’ to employ all kinds of gimmicks or technicalities solely to frustrate prosecutions and/ defeat the ends of justice.  It is a common belief in Nigeria that lawyers are complicit in the wave of corruption ravaging the country today. Some aid their politician clients to loot or benefit from proceeds of such loots. There is need to strike a balance between professionalism and ethics in legal practice in Nigeria. President Zuma did not engage the best of South African lawyers to confuse the court or frustrate proceedings.

    Worthy of note also is whether we have viable opposition political party leaders whose hands are clean enough to challenge the government in power. Opposition politics is all about constructive engagement of the government in power and keeping it in constant checks to deliver democratic dividends. Majority of the broom wielding and ‘change’ chanting politicians in the name of  APC today were once the same set of people who almost ran this country aground while taking shelter under the now leaking umbrella of PDP.  For now, they are like the five leprous fingers of the same hand!

    I hope to see things change for better in Nigeria.

     

    • Benjamin A Achimugu, Esq;

    Makurdi, Benue State.

  • Acorn okays N4b public offer

    Acorn okays N4b public offer

    The shareholders of Acorn Petroleum Plc have approved an increase of the firm’s share capital by over 200 per cent.

    At an Extra-Ordinary General Meeting (EGM) held in Lagos, the shareholders endorsed raising the share capital from N1.5 billion, N4.5 billion.

    The shareholders resolved to increase the share capital by the creating an addition six billion ordinary shares of 50kobo each to the company’s existing share capital. They said the increase would help  reposition the company for strong competition in the downstream sector of the oil and gas industry.

    Acorn’s Acting Company Secretary, Mr. Deoye Ajidahun said: “The new shares are to rank parri passu with the company’s ordinary shares.

    The shareholders also granted the Board of Director’s approval to raise additional equity capital of N4 billion to new investors upon terms and conditions to be determined by the directors and in compliance with the relevant laws and regulations.

    Acorn Petroleum Plc was established in 1981. Its business includes trading in refined petroleum products in and out of Nigeria, distribution of refined products through its chain of Acorn branded retail outlets, aviation fueling business and storage and terminal operations.

  • In the court of public opinion: Anti-corruption versus rule of law?

    Those calling for the supremacy of rule of law, regardless of the justness of the law or of the ethicality of the interpreter of the law, may be overlooking the danger that the call for strict constructionist view of the concept may hold.

    One of the most insidious of mythological civic narratives is that our leaders are selfless public servants serving a higher call and order. In a lesser quoted part of Lord Acton’s power/corruption axiom, he offers the chilling statement: “There is no worse heresy than that the office sanctifies the holder of it.” Generally, people employed in the public sector are not selfless public servants. They are simple people whose job it is to serve the public. They work for the public, but does that really ennoble them? By the evidence of corruption and venality arrayed about us, the answer must be emphatically, “No.” Yet we still fall prey to the mythology. High public office…. allows some to convince themselves and project to the world that they are all that!  No one is all that—and most everyone, including most everyone in public life, is a whole lot less than all that. And that is okay. But it is also why transparency is so very important— Joseph Ferguson in a foreword to Transparent Government: What it means and how you can make it happen by Donald Gordon.

    One word that is ubiquitous today in print, broadcast, and social media, more than ever before, is Rule of Law. Not since the death of Umaru Yar’Adua, a president who included running a government in compliance with the rule of law in his presidential mission, has the lofty phrase been so popular. When a word is repeated as frequently as rule of law has been since the new government’s efforts to fight corruption by investigating and prosecuting individuals who are suspected to have abused the country’s financial management principles and values, ordinary citizens who are not members of the bar or the bench should be wary. Like some of those who requested me to comment on ‘media-hyping’ of this phrase, I am tempted to look at George Orwell’s 1946 essay, “Politics and the English Language.”

    In Orwell’s essay, he raised many issues about the relationship between words and the meanings they are intended to convey. He said among other things: “Our civilisation is decadent and our language — so the argument runs — must inevitably share in the general collapse…. Political language — and with this is true of all political parties, from Conservatives to Anarchists — is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind.” Orwell’s assertion that political speech is more often used to conceal than to inform and often used to justify the unjustifiable may apply to today’s obsession by pundits in both traditional and social media with the rule of law as if it is an ideology-free concept.

    Are these two words: anti-corruption and the rule of law mutually exclusive or should they be bandied about as if each refers to something that is oppositional to the other? Partisan politicians are enthusiastic in emphasising the importance of rule of law at the expense of fighting corruption. In some cases, some media pundits are even asking President Buhari to refrain from fighting corruption, if doing so might jeopardise the non-negotiability of the rule of law. Understandably, ordinary citizens seem to be confused by calls for privileging of rule of law principle over rejection of corruption, even though the two camps are presumably shooting for the same thing, good governance.

    Two issues that have been raised by those who see themselves as whistleblowers against acts that show lack of respect for the rule of law since the beginning of the ongoing fight against corruption is the fact that some who have been given bail by the courts are denied the benefit of bail by the federal government. Undoubtedly, it is not encouraging for any government to do anything to suggest that it does not respect the independence of the judiciary. But one area that is often ignored is that the judiciary, like other sectors of the polity and society, also has its own bad eggs as it is in all professions and occupations in the land.

    Borrowing Joseph Ferguson’s concept of mythological civic narrative and Lord Acton’s assertion: “There is no worse heresy than that the office sanctifies the holder of it, “it is logical to say that many of the politicians and media pundits who make efforts to privilege the principle of rule of law over the imperative of identifying, investigating, and prosecuting individuals caught with corrupt acts assume that the judiciary is right all the time. If time is taken to do forthright judicial criticism, it will be demonstrated that many judges use the space of discretion at their disposal to favour those accused of criminal behaviour and the sabotage of the state. For example, if it was not for the Administration of Criminal Act 2015, cases that have been put in the cooler in the name of rule of law since 2006 would not have seen the light of day, as they are now doing at the instance of the EFCC. The rule of law must protect all citizens. This is why most commentators emphasise equality before the law as the core of the political ideology that the law is the king as opposed to the king being law.

    It is citizens at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder in particular who have not enjoyed the principle of equality before the law that are now querying in letters to the editor section of newspapers and on blogs the new obsession with the rule of law on account of time between the approval of bail and the actual release of suspects by law enforcers. The masses seem to be wondering if the word rule of law is to conceal rather than to reveal, whether the repetition of the phrase is not an attempt to take attention away from efforts to fight corruption. Citizens who are enraged by the absurdity of appropriation of funds meant for improvement of the life of all or to fight Boko Haram’s war against the nation are worried that the elite are doing what they have always done best: create confusion or distraction in order to prevent any meaningful intervention by those committed to deter corruption through a crime and punishment initiative.

    President Buhari may not have provided a grand narrative of how he plans to govern the country, he has, undoubtedly, clearly stated that no change can come to the economy if and until looters of the economy and the polity in the past are made to return their loot. Many people would argue that If President Buhari had any personal interest in keeping certain persons in jail over the mismanagement of $2.1 billion approved for the purchase of arms to fight Boko Haram, he would or could have given those involved in the case a graver charge. They could have been charged for sabotaging the country at a time of war and thus endangering the population. And doing this would have kept everybody involved in jail until their innocence is proven, as such charge would fall under the category of capital offence.

    Historically, the ritualistic conceptualisation of rule of law had been challenged in the past in many societies. Thomas Paine once said in “Common Sense” that unjust laws threaten the religiosity of the rule of law, just as Henry David Thoreau said in “Civil Disobedience”: “Thus, under the name of Order and Civil Government, we are all made at last to pay homage to and support our own meanness.” Those calling for the supremacy of rule of law, regardless of the justness of the law or of the ethicality of the interpreter of the law, may be overlooking the danger that the call for strict constructionist view of the concept may hold. At a time that corruption has almost brought the country to bankruptcy and international receivership, it is necessary for pundits to be guided by Lord Acton’s axiom that the office may not sanctify the holder. In all the branches of government in our country: executive, legislative, and judicial, the office does sanctify the holders. The two bills being sent by the presidency to NASS may just be a good beginning in the journey to kill corruption before corruption kills the country along with the rule of law.

  • Pathway to effective public service delivery

    The public service is an important institution anywhere in the world. It is the machinery that formulates and implements the decisions and policies of the government. To that extent, the success of any government in carrying out its statutory and constitutional responsibilities of maintaining law and order as well as engendering socio-economic and political development of any nation depends largely on the type of civil service which the country has. Thus, there is the likelihood of a government to meet the aspirations of the mass of the people over which it rules if the public service, which executes policies, is proactive, enlightened and incorruptible. Conversely, no government can achieve the modernization of the society if its public service is made up of mediocre and corrupt officers who divert the resources meant for the commonwealth to their private pockets.

    There is no doubt that the Nigerian public service has, over the years, contributed to the development of the country. Although the country has been characterized by political instability and socio-economic problems which have negatively rubbed off on all other institutions of the state, the principle of anonymity and non-partisanship of the civil service have largely empowered it to do justice to its statutory duties over the past decades. Much as military governments, which ruled this country for many years, dealt a devastating blow to the principle of security of tenure of public servants by subjecting public servants to premature retirement, many civil servants have continued to contribute their quotas to national development.

    To be sure, the overconcentration of power in the hands of some public servants by the military, as in the case of the era of “super perm-secs” and the prevalence of the culture of corruption in the country, in no small way impaired the role perception of these public servants. However, many of them lived above board. They performed and continue to perform their duties truthfully and conscientiously. In spite of the avarice, greed and the culture of primitive accumulation of wealth which reign supreme in the country, many of these public servants remain contented with their salaries. They have refused to join the pillaging of the national treasury. In the discharge of their official duties, they do not solicit for bribes. They treat all Nigerians they meet in the line of duty equally. It is this type of public servants who had no problem to go along with the practice of “Due Process” in civil service when former President Olusegun Obasanjo introduced it. It is also this set of civil servants who saw nothing bad in “mopping up” the treasury of ministries and government departments at the end of each year. The underlining factor behind their ability to adapt to the new rules of accountability, particularly the excellent financial control mechanisms introduced by the Federal Government since the civilian government of Obasanjo is their incorruptibility, their patriotic disposition and the abiding desire to maintain their honour and integrity in a country where honest men and women are in short supply.

    But for many, the ethics of their work have no meaning. And unfortunately, this group of erring public servants is in the majority. They have no conscience. They have no interest of the country at heart. Rather than play the role of agents of national development which they are statutorily meant to play, these public officials have, by their conduct over the years, sabotaged the efforts of successive governments to modernize Nigeria. Instead of faithfully executing the policies of government, they look for ways of cutting corners. Self-aggrandizement is uppermost in their mind. In order to cater for their interest, records are falsified with impunity, they embezzle public funds kept into their care, solicit and take bribes and are only concerned with what comes to their pockets rather than quality service delivery.

    The adverse effects of unethical behavior of some public servants cut across all the sectors of the society. For instance, most of the roads in Nigeria which are mere death traps are today in that sorry state as a result of corrupt activities of government officials. After taking kick backs, roads which are clearly sub-standard are approved as jobs well done. The diversion of patients from government hospitals to private hospitals is another dimension of the unpatriotic conduct of some public officials. Through this singular act, government has lost huge amount of revenue that would have contributed substantially to the provision of social amenities to the people. The relative ease with which the ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement of People and Goods is exploited by organized criminal groups to traffic human beings, firearms and hard drugs in Nigeria is a function of corrupt security agents who, for pecuniary gains, allow these traffickers to move freely within Nigeria and across the borders.

    The security challenges currently bedeviling Nigeria in the form of proliferation of militant groups across the country and terror attacks by Boko Haram are fuelled by the availability of arms and ammunitions which flow freely in the country as well as the widespread circulation of narcotics in the country, the proceeds of which are used to fund insurgency. The list of the negative effects of unethical behavior of some public servants in Nigeria is almost inexhaustible. It suffices, however, to say that the signature of corrupt behavior of some public servants in the country cut-across all the facets of the Nigerian society.

    In the light of the damaging consequences of this immoral behavior, what steps do we need to take in order to reap maximum benefits of a people-oriented public service and bring Nigeria to the pathway of steady national growth? First, government must holistically re-orientate the public service. The idea of reducing the workforce by way of sacking civil servants can only be counter-productive. For public servants to shun corrupt practices, their job security must be assured. Governments at all levels must enlighten their workers on the need to stick to work ethics and the advantages of having the interest of the country at heart while they discharge their duties.

    Secondly, the Civil Service Commission, the Code of Conduct Bureau, SERVICOM, the Public Complaints Commission and other bodies that are statutorily charged to ensure ethical conduct and practices should be manned by people of integrity who are wholeheartedly committed to the task of uprooting moral decadence in the country. These agencies should be well funded, independent and supported by both public and private sectors in carrying out the onerous duty for bringing about the desired ethical renaissance across the Nigerian populace.

    Equally important is the need for the country’s judiciary to be truly independent and incorruptible. This important arm of government, which interprets law, should live above board in all its activities. As a deterrent to any judge with corrupt disposition, stiff sanctions should be spelt out for any proven manipulation of judgment. The judiciary should be the last hope of the common man. But in many cases, it is not so in Nigeria. The rich are often favoured at the expense of the poor. This has allowed criminals with the wherewithal or well-heeled godfathers to get away with their evil acts. No individual should be bigger than the law. In this case, the government must demonstrate the political will at all times to investigate and bring to justice the rich who are behind most of the crimes that have been perpetrated in this country.

    Last but not the least, government at all levels must take the welfare of public servants seriously. Salaries and allowances of workers must be paid as at when due. No matter may be the efforts of government on the orientation of its citizenry, particularly the workers, these efforts will count for nothing if their salaries are not paid regularly. This is so because no hungry worker will reject bribe. It is therefore imperative for government to put in place a long-term plan that will prevent its frequent inability to pay workers’ salaries regularly. No nation can experience developmental strides without the wholehearted commitment and loyalty of its workforce.

    • Bamigbetan is of the National Commisiion for Museums and Monuments, Owo, Ondo State.
  • Institute warns public against duplicity

    Institute warns public against duplicity

    The leadership of the Chartered Institute of Administration (CIA) has warned Nigerians to be wary of patronising fake institutes claiming to provide certifications for administration that are not recognised by law.

    Former president of the institute, Goddy Idaminabo, who spoke on the issue at the 36th Induction of new members/investiture of new president/chairman of council, lamented that up to eight of such quack institutes exist and are riding on the success of the CIA to deceive the public who cannot differentiate them from the original.

    “Between 1992 and now eight quack institutes have been established, including: Institute of Chartered Administrators/Researchers, Brand of Certified Administrators, Chartered Institute of Company Administrators.  There are no laws backing them,” he said.

    Idaminabo urged Senator Foster Ogola, who is also a fellow of the institute, to raise the issue on the floor of the senate so the members of the public are protected.

    Ogola, who was present at the event, promised to take up the assignment with other senators in the red chamber.

    “It is with gratitude I accept this assignment. I can assure you I will do my best to draw the attention of Nigerians to the fake bodies,” he said.

    The induction of people into various cadres of membership of CIA and the investiture of Dr George Chima as new president were the last assignments that Idaminabo performed with relish at the event.

    While inducting the new fellows, 29 of them, Idaminabo exerted promises from them to contribute to the development of the institute and not be fellows in name alone. He also charged the 27 people inducted as full members to work harder to rise to the next level.

    For the 94 people inducted as Associates, Idaminabo had special encouragement. Describing them as the real administrators who qualified through examination, he told them they had opportunity to grow and could one day lead the institute if they worked hard like him.

    “You associates are the real administrators who got the certificate by examinations of the body.  You have opportunity to rise,” he said.

    Handing over to the new president, Idaminabo expressed confidence in his (Chima) competence and experience to lead the institute to greater heights.

    In his acceptance speech, Chima thanked all members of institute for participating in the election process that produced him.  He called for their support to move CIA forward.

    “There is no room for stagnancy.  We will keep going towards the promised land.  The office is not a political position; it is a call to service.  This is not the time to sit and relax but to roll up our sleeves for the work ahead,” he said.

     

  • CSOs: build public toilets in Ekiti

    Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Ekiti State have called on the Ayo Fayose administration to build toilets and make water available in public places to reduce open defecation and outbreak of diseases.

    They also canvassed for laws to punish any landlord who builds a house without a toilet.

    The laws, they stated, should also compel existing landlords to face similar punishment if their houses were not provided with toilets within a given period.

    These were parts of resolutions reached in a communique at the end of a two-day capacity building workshop for CSOs organised by the European Union Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reform Programme in collaboration with Ministry of Public Utilities held at the weekend in Ilupeju-Ekiti.

    The CSOs called for the rehabilitation of toilets in public buildings, such as schools, hospitals, ministries.

    This followed the recent report that Ekiti has the highest rate of open defecation in the Southwest.

  • Set up Public Procurement Council, now

    SIR: The inauguration of new ministers and conferment of portfolio on them have set the ball of governance rolling. However, in order not place the cart before the horse, it is time for the President to constitute the National Council on Public Procurement (NCPP).  President Muhammadu Buhari during his campaigns promised to set up the NCPP and this was also re-affirmed in his inauguration speech. The constitution of the NCPP suffered set back during the last administration as a result, the Federal Executive Council took it upon itself to award contracts in breach of the law.

    Recall that the Public Procurement Act 2007, made provisions for the National Council on Procurement and gave it powers to set up the bureau for public procurement. Section (2) of the Act enumerated functions of the council: To consider, approve and amend monetary and prior review thresholds by procuring entity; consider and approve policies on public procurement amongst others. The NCPP is to certify federal procurement prior to the awards of contract, and supervise the implementation of established procurement policies. As provided in the PPA 2007, there are certain thresholds of contracts which cannot be approved by the permanent secretaries; such contracts are to be referred to the council. Contracts with thresholds above N10 million for works and N5 million for goods are to be referred to the council for approval.

    In the past regime, the President assumed the powers of the chairman of the NCPP, and was responsible for the approval of large-scale contracts. Meanwhile the Act provided that the council be chaired by the minister of finance who is expected to work with industry/sector experts. Nigeria Bar Association, Nigeria Association of Chambers of Commerce and Industry, Mines and Agriculture, Nigeria Society of Engineers, Civil Societies and the media are amongst external members that make up the council. The composition of the council is meant to provide for transparency, professional advice and general oversight into the activities of the Bureau.

    Today, we are witness to the negative results being experienced as a result of mismanagement of resources, most of which have risen out of procurements and award of contracts. Contract-inflation and delay in the execution of contracts have been the order of events. The negative impact of the President meddling in the procurement process, will not only lead to distraction in governance it will also  question the integrity of the President in the event that such contracts fails to achieve value for money.

    As the ministers settle down to work, the President should as a matter of urgency, constitute the NCPP so as to ensure that the change agenda is realized ab-initio in the awards of contract. The constitution of the NCPP will create environment for sound procurement systems to thrive and will help to block leakages from contract awards. If the President responds positively to this, he would have once again, demonstrated his resolve to fight corruption and end up engendering quality procurement and cost savings in the awards of contracts.

    • Emejuiwe Victor,

    Centre for Social Justice, Abuja.

  • Council sensitises public on security

    Iru/Victoria Island Local Council Development Area (LCDA) Executive Secretary Muideen Daramola has called on residents to be vigilant.

    Daramola who made the call at a Pea,ce and Security Stakeholders’ meeting at the council, said residents must be conscious of activities around them because of the security situation.

    The council, he said had been doing a lot to keep members of the community abreast of security situations in the state.

    “In terms of awareness, what we are doing is one of the ways to curb the menace of insecurity. We have been to market places, motor parks to sensitise people and we have also told them not to allow strangers in their domains that will later constitute nuisance.

    Victoria Island is the heart of the nation, we make sure that every month we have security meetings to review security situations in the community,” he said.

    Victoria Island Divisional Police Officer (DPO) Olusegun Ajamolaye, a chief Superintendent (CSP), urged members of the community to report crime cases in their neighborhood to the police and other security agencies.

    Urging the citizens to be conscious of their security, Ajamolaye gave them the slogan “see something say something” as a way of passing information to the security agencies to track hoodlums.

    “We should be conscious of our security, we should see something and say something, we are not magicians you need to see something and say something, so as to help us improve security in the state,” he said.

     

  • Herbal drug hawkers and public health

    Over the age’s faith healing, acupuncture, and many more alternative sources of medication existed. From Africa to Middle East, Asia mirror, Far East Asia and indeed the rest of the remote inhabited Earth, the story is the same. The holy bible also recorded a story of how Naaman, a captain in the then Syrian army who was affected with the dreaded disease of leprosy, was cured by dipping himself in the River Jordan for seven times.

    The way and manner herbal medicine and sometimes orthodox drugs are advertised and hawked in public places in Nigeria dishearten and calls for indicate attention from relevant authorities. In motor parks and markets places, both in urban and sub urban areas, the story is the same. All manner of information determination is employed by these merchants to trade and advertise their wares. The social and print media, radio and television, bill boards and megaphones mounted on top vehicles. The noise they generate in most cases is source of worry and discomfort to innocent citizens.

    The desperate mobile advertisers and marketers claim that their products have NAFDAC numbers and are capable of curing all known illnesses.

    Because of the NAFDAC name attacked to the medicine, the unsuspecting public falls prey. Many people now resort to self medication without going to hospitals for diagnosis and advice? Medical doctors and other certified health workers and paramedics complain that many people especially rural folks rush to hospital only when they are at the point of death. This has resulted to increased mortality among the down trodden in the society.

    • Dickson Nnaji Ogbodo

    Agbani Town,

    Enugu State.