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Tag: Solid minerals

  • N5b boost for solid minerals sector

    N5b boost for solid minerals sector

    A new lease of life may have come the way of operators in the solid minerals sector. The Bank of Industry (BoI), in partnership with the Ministry of Mines and Steel Development, has unveiled the Nigerian Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners (ASM) Financing Support Fund, which is a revolving loan package of N5 billion for operators in the sector. The bank and the ministry will contribute N2.5 billion each to stimulate activities in the sector. Asst Editor MUYIWA LUCAS reports.

    The Bank of Industry (BoI), in partnership with the Ministry of Mines and Steel Development, has given fillip to the scattered and unregulated mining activities across the country. The bank has unveiled the Nigerian Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners (ASM) Financing Support Fund. The Ministry and the Development Finance Institution (DFI) will contribute N2.5 billion each.

    Specifically, under the scheme, a certified artisanal miner can access between N100,000 and N10 million; while a small- scale miner can access between N10 million and N100 million.

    The Minister of Mines and Steel Development, Dr. Kayode Fayemi, said the fund would address challenges of insufficient funding and access to capital, which are major factors militating against artisanal and small-scale miners who account for about 80 per cent of activities in the sector.

    This gesture demonstrates the confidence reposed in the BoI, pursuant to its antecedents of experience and expertise in managing such fund. The package makes the bank the custodian and manager of the fund will be disbured to end-users at five per cent interest rate.

    “This agreement is a meeting of minds between the Ministry and BoI. We are in the first instance launching a N5 billion fund. With our ministry’s pilot contribution of N2.5 billion, BoI will match our contribution with another N2.5 billion.

    “Consequently, with this agreement, the FMMSD appointed BoI as the custodian and manager of the Nigerian Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners (ASM) Financing Support Fund, for the purpose of financing artisanal and small scale mining projects involving industrial minerals, precious stones, precious metal (gold), dimension stone and such other strategic minerals in Nigeria as shall be approved by the ministry and BoI from time to time,” Fayemi said.

    Fayemi disclosed that the fund would be available as term loans or working capital to be utilised for the purchase of requisite items for a plant, and machinery; payment for drilling, geological and other services related to mining business as may be required, among others.

    He added that proper funding would help to integrate the artisanal and small-scale miners into the formal sector, enhance their growth and development in a structured manner, and spur productivity and job creation in the sector.

    The ministry had secured N30 billion from the mining sector component of the Natural Resources Development Fund of the Federal Government, to tackle the challenges of funding in the sector. In addition, it got the World Bank’s nod for $150 million to aid the ministry’s Mineral Sector Support for Economic Diversification (MinDiver) programme.

    BoI is not a novice to such involvement; it has a track record of service, which aligns with the thoughts of the government in its bid to reduce poverty and hunger through the creation of jobs in every sector of the economy.

    Through its interventions, the BoI had pioneered funding in the mining activities just as similar funding arrangement managed by the Bank improved the entertainment sector, thereby empowering thousands of Nigerian youths in the creative sector.

    The bank’s Managing Director, Mr. Olukayode Pitan, expressed confidence that the fund will step up the rapid development if the mining sector because of its track record in funding mining activities.

    Indeed, the BoI has been consistently strengthened, and has, over the years, earned a reputation as one financial institution that Nigerians can depend on as custodians of scarce but needed resources now that the nation needs economic diversification and massive employment generation.

    Policy makers agree that expertise and financial resources are major constraints in government’s attempt at diversifying the economy. Right from the start, President Muhammadu Buhari had intensified commitment to shift from near-total reliance on oil as major economic earning for nation’s sustenance.

    The economic decline in the face of local production cuts witnessed by pipeline vandalism in the Niger Delta and global oil price fluctuations required a paradigm shift and re-structuring of policies and priorities.

    Britain, France, India, Norway, including Austria, China, Denmark, Germany, Ireland and Japan have set out official deadlines for the elimination of gasoline cars to be replaced by non-emitting and environment friendly electric cars, starting as close as eight years away. The Netherlands, Portugal, Korea and Spain has followed suit. Although the United States does not set a central deadline, some of its states have made pronouncements towards that target. With nations around the world fully embracing dumping fuel consuming automotives for electric cars, it is certain that the days of petroleum products as safe haven for oil-dependent nations are few.

    This is indeed a wake-up call to oil-producing nations like Nigeria on the imperative of vigilance and need to provoke thoughtful alternatives to oil, considering the absence of strategic plans for economic survival in an oil-slump era.

    As if it had foreknowledge of what to come, the Buhari Government had planned ab initio to embark on aggressive investment in agriculture and solid minerals, alongside its resolve to raise the bar on accountability and taxation as alternatives to oil in its economic diversification drive.

    In response to the solid mineral sector challenges, earlier in the year, a three-day summit of industry experts, organised in Kaduna by Proedge Limited and the Kaduna Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture,  brainstormed on how to harness the enormous investment opportunities in solid mineral resources and how to properly position the sector to attract investors.

    It went further to identify four minerals adjudged to be world class in Nigeria, which include Bitumen, Coal, Gold, and Barite, estimated to be over 1 billion tons in reserve. This is massive!

    But the lacklustre interest in the exploration of these resources have troubled stakeholders, most of whom blamed the inclusion of the mineral sector on the Exclusive List, a pointer that only the Federal Government has the mandate to prospect solid minerals wherever they may be found in the country; a factor many consider to be an hindrance to an all-inclusive investment and exploitation of the sector.

    States in the north in particular, with huge minerals deposit, could accelerate economic diversification; create jobs and wealth through value addition but funding has largely hampered investment by vast number of artisanal and small scale miners.

    Need for improved mining techniques different from the current crude,  unprofitable and environmentally-hostile methods involving over 80 percent artisanal miners requires significant contemplation by the government. Again, there should be incentives in the form of grants, soft loans and financial support to small scale operators for profitable mining operations and competitive pricing.

    Although funding was identified as a clog in the wheel, local banks were helpless in its exposure to solid minerals financing due to limited resources and skills. Therefore, the summit advocated the establishment of a Solid Mineral Development Bank, using part of the 13 percent Derivation Fund as seed capital in order to stimulate investment in the sector and prevent loss of revenues to illegal mining.

     

  • Solid minerals sector can contribute 3% to GDP, says PwC

    I am quite optimistic that if the right steps are taken and the momentum is sustained, the solid minerals sector in Nigeria can contribute up to three per cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2025 as predicted in the current roadmap, up from a contribution of just about 0.5 per cent, the Advisory Partner and Mining Leader at PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) Nigeria, Cyril Azobu has said.

    Azobu said: “My vision for the sector is one that is profitable to all stakeholders and in which the Nigerian people are able to enjoy the maximum benefits possible ffrom these natural endowments.”

    He spoke against the backdrop of the upcoming Nigeria Mining Week  taking place in Abuja from October16-19, in which there is partnership between PwC, the Miners Association of Nigeria (MAN) and event organisers Spintelligent.

    The strategic mining investment platform will link investors, project developers, financiers, technology providers and government to share best practices and demonstrate the latest strategies to evolve the sector successfully.

    According to Azobu, several important developments in the mining sector in the last year bode well for the industry’s future.

    “Perhaps the most significant is the approval in August 2016 of a new roadmap for the sector by the government. This very important policy document has really set the tone for the development of the sector. Following from this, we have seen the constitution of the Mining Implementation and Strategy team whose duty is to co-ordinate the implementation of the roadmap and programme manage its execution.”

    “Furthermore, the Federal Government also approved N30billion Mining Intervention Fund. A significant proportion of the fund has gone into data gathering and a part of it is to go into capacity building for artisanal miners. We are also seeing the Federal Government making efforts to take advantage of some strategic minerals such as Steel and Bitumen but all of these are still in the early stages.”

  • Solid minerals: Govt screens applicants for $150m grant

    SCREENING of applicants for a $150million joint  World Bank and Federal Government fund has started in Abuja, it was learnt.

    It was learnt that the screening is aimed at  strengthening the sector to ensure that only competent operators get the grant.

    It was gathered that many of the operators have been lobbying government‘s officials to scale through the hurdles, which the government and the global banking body have put in place to wade off  unqualified players.

    An official of the Ministry said it would not be business as usual for many applicants, as the government planned that only the best  would benefit from the facility.

    According to him, a grant is different is from a loan, adding that the Ministry of Solid Minerals wants to give the grant to people that would make good use of it.

    He said: “The government and the World Bank do not want the money to be misused by the beneficiaries. If you are an applicant and you are asking for the grant to buy equipment that would be used in the sector, you must justify the reason you are requesting for it. A lot of verifications must take place, before you are given the money.

    The officials of the government and the World Bank must ascertain the reason for the facility. That is why it is a facility, not a loan. Gone are the days when people get money and start marrying wives.”

  • Solid minerals: Kwara governor seeks states’ control of royalties

    KWARA State Governor Abdulfatah Ahmed has called on the Federal Government to increase state governments’ participation in the solid mineral sector through royalties, fees, fines and taxes collection from solid minerals. He said that the scenario would present the states with the opportunity to increase their internally generated revenue (IGR), adding that this would reduce their dependence on Federal Government and create employment for the teeming youth population. The governor said this in Ilorin, the Kwara State capital at the installation of the President of the Nigerian Mining and Geo-Sciences Society (NMGS).

    Represented by Education and Human Capital Development Commissioner, Alhaji Musa Yeketi, Governor Ahmed said that “the constitution appears to hobble this possibility. For instance, Section 44 (3) of the 1999 Constitution vests the Federal Government with the ownership and control of all minerals, mineral oils and natural gas, in Nigeria. “Also, the Second Schedule, Part 1 item 39 of the Exclusive Legislative list in the 1999 Constitution restricts state governments from developing their respective mining potentials.

    “This creates a situation whereby states have limited authority over mining activities in their domain and after often required to purchase expensive licenses from the government with no guarantee of returns or successful exploitation of minerals resources.” Speaking after his inauguration as the 29th President of the society, Prof Silas Dada said that solid mineral resourcesdriven development is the best growth opportunity for Nigeria. “In fact, most Nigeria’s solid mineral resources have not yet been discovered, which represents a formidable opportunity for growth. “Our governments need to get the natural resource management policy (NRM) chain right. The NRM policy chain needs to be adequately developed by setting up strong policies in every area of income generation and investment.

  • IBBUL to study solid minerals in three states

    The Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida University (IBBU), Lapai, has been commissioned by the Raw Materials Research Development Council (RMRDC) to commence research  into solid mineral deposits in three states in the country.

    Speaking at the take-off of the research in Mashegu, the varsity’s Vice Chancellor, Prof Muhammad Maiturare, said the amount advanced for the work was N18 million.

    He added that the university would work on the characterisation of the minerals found in Niger, Nasarawa and Kogi states in the Northcentral zone.

    Maiturare said the outcome of the research would promote the development of industrial minerals  in industries and contribute to fulfilling RMRDC’s mandate.

    “Solid minerals have been identified as a priority area and any research in that sector would contribute to the growth and development of the nation and address major challenges in our technological drive and in addressing our employment problem,” he said.

    Already, the VC said the research team had discovered mineral deposit sites that contain significant reserves that could be used for many years, adding that five sites would be visited in Niger State.

    He said the university has been identified as one of the best in geological research in the country.

    The leader of the research team and Director of the IBBUL Research Centre, Prof Nuhu Obaje, said the team had discovered a site with large volume of clay in Mashegu Local Government Area that could serve ceramic or sanitary ware industries for 25 years.

    “Here in Mashegu, we have discovered a site for clay deposit. The clay here is in large volume. When mined, the clay deposits can be used for ceramics, sanitary wares, tiles and pharmaceuticals. After the search, we will conduct item analysis to know what properties it contains so that we will be able to recommend what industry it would be useful for,” the don said.

  • First Northern Nigeria’s solid minerals fair gets stakeholders’ support

    About eight federal agencies and 12 state governments have confirmed their participation at the First Northern Nigeria Solid Minerals Fair and Workshop slated for Kaduna next week.

    Corporate giants on board include Bank of Industry (BoI), Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC), Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) and the Nigeria Export Promotion Council (NEPC).

    Ministry of Mines and Steel Development as well as Ministry of Budget and National Planning have also assured of support for the specialised fair.

    The fair, which is the first of its kind in the solid minerals endowed north, is scheduled to draw attention of relevant stakeholders to available opportunities in the sector.

    Organisers of the event, the Kaduna Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture in collaboration with Proedge Limited, stated that the fair would provide a platform for stakeholders to be abreast of best practices in harnessing solid mineral deposits and minimising inherent hazards to individuals and communities.

    The Ministry of Mines and Steel Development has endorsed the event and expressed hope that it would be a forum to “showcase the products and services in Nigeria’s solid minerals sector as a means of diversifying the nation’s economy, increase revenue, as well as create job opportunities.”

    “The ministry therefore, endorsed the event in view of its importance to the change agenda and the nation’s quest for transparency and accountability, particularly in the solid minerals sector,” a letter signed by the Ministry’s Director, Planning, Research and Statistics, Mr. H. O. Davies, stated.

    He said already the forum is attracting support from relevant government agencies, and that participants will be drawn from all the 19 northern states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT); relevant regulatory agencies, financial institutions, equipment manufacturers, private local and international investors and interested individuals.

    Discussants in the thematic areas who are carefully drawn from the academia, government and experienced industry players, would lead participants to explore legal and regulatory frameworks, collaboration among three tiers of government, management, environment and finance.

    Discussion will also touch on technology/equipment and geological studies to determine quantity and quality issues related to the sector.

    It would also serve as avenue to energise states and local governments to organise and register artisanal miners operating in their domain to ensure safer mining environment and improved revenue; curb environmental degradation and unhealthy practices that characterise illegal mining in many local communities’ activities.

    The forum would also be a rallying point for states and local governments to come up with templates to monitor, guide and support miners for optimal job creation and revenue enhancement.

    In addition, it would provide opportunities for miners to learn the benefits of cooperatives, safer mining processes, equipment leasing and financial support from sundry government agencies for improved productivity and profitability.

    They will learn, first-hand, the operation of government’s minerals buying centres across the country to ensure that minerals are properly priced and sold in a structured market setting as opposed to underground sales that had robbed both the local miners and the country of the expected financial gains.

  • ‘Solid minerals can solve Nigeria’s challenges’

    The case has been made that the answer to nearly all of Nigeria’s pressing challenges lies in solid minerals.

    A miner Alhaji Usman Adamu has said that with solid minerals, the country can provide jobs for youths, diversify the economy and shore up dwindling revenues. With the economic recession, depreciating value of the Naira, mass unemployment, rising rate of crime and the inability of the country to feed itself, Adamu said the nation’s hope lies in solid minerals, with which the country is richly endowed.

    “I am so sad seeing our country unable to feed its population,” Adamu said. “I’m so sad that the federal government cannot create jobs for millions of graduates, millions of skilled and unskilled youths. I’m highly worried that the Nigerian government had to take foreign loan to provide basic social infrastructure for its citizens, it is sad that most states of the federation even borrow to pay workers. I know almost all the states of the federation have mineral deposits to sustain themselves economically, so I wonder why we are rich in solid minerals, yet we are poor and hungry.”

    Adamu, known in the mining industry as Dan China, said, “The solution to the country’s economic crisis lies in its solid mineral deposits, the country will remain poor as long as the federal government refuses to make use of its solid minerals. In a nutshell, the wealth and prosperity of this country lies in solid minerals, not in crude oil. This solid mineral is available almost in all the 36 states of the federation; then what are we looking for? We have huge manpower advantage, we have land that is very rich in solid minerals, we have enough labour force, made of youths that are ready to work if you engage them. I have engaged thousands of Nigerian youths at my mining sites and they are very energetic and ready to work, but there are millions of other youths roaming the streets looking for who will engage them, and they are getting frustrated because they can’t find anyone to engage them.

    “This country will not find it funny if these unemployed youths take to crime out of frustration, the earlier the federal government engaged them in areas that will make them utilise their energy the better for this country, else the only option available for them is crime, which I don’t pray for”.

    Something else bothered Adamu. “I have noticed that while the federal government is talking of industrialising the country using the solid minerals, government is giving priority attention to most of the so-called foreign miners, I mean government is not ready to encourage its indigenous miners, we are labeled as local miners. Rather than giving mining licenses to these local miners to encourage them, government prefers to give licenses to foreign miners who mine these minerals and export them at will.

    “If care is not taken, government is taking the country back to the colonial days when our mineral deposits and other agricultural raw materials were exploited and exported to Europe.”

     

  • Fed Govt bans raw solid minerals exportation

    Fed Govt bans raw solid minerals exportation

    Nigeria in the next six month will stop the exportation of raw solid minerals as part of the country’s economic diversification efforts,  Minister of Mines and Steel Development, Dr Kayode Fayemi has said.

    Fayemi in a lecture titled: Nigeria’s solid minerals: prospects and challenges and the nation’s quest for economic diversification delivered in Abuja during the induction training for non-career ambassadors-designate, said measures have already been put in place to make this a reality by October.

    He said the move to end the era of mining and exporting raw or unprocessed solid mineral from the country was part of the ministry’s roadmap.

    Fauemi therefore charged the ambassadors-designate to attract investors into the mining sector of the economy

    “Before now, a lot of illegality has been going in the sector; people are just shipping out raw minerals which has informed government policy or decision of banning the unprocessed minerals unprocessed mineral.

    “In the next six months, raw minerals would not be allowed to be exported because beneficiation is a priority to this government rather than just exportation of the raw minerals,” he said.

    He said any miner ready to invest in the sector must be willing to set up processing plants in host communities in order to create jobs for the people.

    Fayemi said whosoever that could not afford setting up a plant should collaborate with others.

    He said any miner ready to invest in the sector must be willing to set up their processing plants in host communities in order to create jobs for the people.

    He explained that the enforcement of the ban would not be done arbitrarily as the investor would be given time to establish their processing plants.

    The minister also called for the partnership of the state governments towards developing the sector.

    The minister said although, mining was in the exclusive legislative list of the country’s constitution, there was need for collaboration.

    He said there was no law precluding states with enormous resources from setting up mining companies and approaching the ministry for licenses to explore and exploit such resources.

    According to him, states could do it solely or in partnership with private investors depending on the technical capacity.

    Fayemi noted that given the fact that mining takes place in locations in states, there was need for partnership with host communities and the state to achieve results.

    He said this was necessary especially with the economic diversification drive of President Muhammadu Buhari.

    He noted with concern that the right to issuance of consent given to host communities had been abused over the years, adding that the intervention of the state government was paramount.

    The minister said  state governments would be included in the affirmation of genuine land owners with regard to issuance of consent to miners as required by the law.

    He said:“We are a mineral rich country we are not mineral producing country, what we are doing in our road is to take few of the mineral so that we can say we have advantages.”

  • Govt under-exploring solid minerals sector, says don

    The Federal Government is yet to fully explore opportunities in the non-oil sectors, especially solid minerals, the former Chairman, Metallurgical Society of Nigeria, Prof John Ade Ajayi, has said.

    In a telephone interview, he said the sector was abandoned for crude oil exploration, adding that it provides more than 70 per cent of the government’s foreign earnings.

    One of the policies of the Federal Government is to diversify the economy. Ajayi said diversification would be incomplete until the government explored solid minerals and other sectors.

    He said minerals, such as iron ore, diamond, marble, and gold have value, which when properly utilised, would bring about economic growth.

    Ajayi said metallic objects could be extracted from iron for the use of automobile industry while marble could be made into tiles and other products. Gold and diamond can be used for ornaments and others.

    He said solid minerals are either available on the surface or below the surface of the earth, advising government to explore the resources to an advantage.

    Ajayi said: “Just as petrol, kerosene, diesel, methanol, plastic and other petrochemical products are extracted from crude oil processing, metals, tiles and other valuable products can be derived from solid minerals, once the government and other stakeholders are ready to do so. These materials are used by automobile, real and other sectors of the economy. To boost the operation of automobile and other sectors, the government must make use of its solid minerals.

    “Any attempt by the government to give priority to exploration of solid minerals would put the economy on the path of growth.’’

    He said the process of converting solid minerals into finished products, begin with the discovery, exploration, movement of the solid minerals to the specified production centres, extraction of useful materials from the solid minerals, refining and turning them into final products.

    He said the process has long-term benefits on the country when it is completed. Solid minerals, according to him, would help in boosting the government’s earnings, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment opportunities, and raising the standard of living of people once they are well explored.

    He said developed economies, such as the United States, Britain, and Japan leverage solid minerals to drive key sectors of their economies, urging the Federal Government to follow similar path.

    Ajayi, a lecturer in the Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), said mining should be done professionally to enable government aggregate its potential.

    He decried mining by quacks, adding that the issue made the sector less competitive.

    It would be recalled that the Federal Government last year provided a roadmap to accelerate the growth of the solid minerals and allied sector. Through it, the government plans to regulate the sector, monitor operators to ensure compliance and reposition it for growth.

    The Mines and Steel Minister, Dr Kayode Fayemi, said the government was interested in making the sector viable such that it would contribute to economic growth.

  • Solid minerals, mining and climate change

    SIR: Nigeria is blessed with about fifty different solid minerals discovered in various locations. These solid minerals include gold, silver, limestone, coal, bitumen, iron ore, tin, columbite, lead, zinc, gemstones, granite, marble, gypsum, talc, lithium, etc.  Mining is carried out across the federation even though not all the minerals are available in commercially viable quantities. Before the commercial exploration of oil started in the Niger Delta, solid minerals were a major foreign exchange earner and contributed immensely to the economy and development of Nigeria.

    Climate change which often manifests in the form of extreme temperatures, increased or decreased precipitation, increased frequency and magnitude of storms and rising sea levels, poses a number of risks to the mining sector and could impact mining operations negatively. One impact of climate change may in turn trigger other impacts of climate change on mining. For example, decreased water availability leads to reduced precipitation which has a major impact on hydro-electricity generation that is a major source of energy for mining companies. Runoff which is the flow of excess water over saturated land in dry or water stressed areas will affect mining. Some mining operations require relatively large amounts of high quality water. A direct implication of increased water stress is that such mining operations will not have access to sufficient supply of high quality water.

    Climate change also has business and financial consequences on mining companies. At construction and operation stages, there are financial risks from increased capital and operating expenses to secure new sources of water for expansion of existing operations in water-stressed areas. The level of investment in desalination plants, pumping and transportation infrastructure can have negative effects on the financial capacity of the mining company. Sourcing water from longer distances increases operating costs. There are also secondary financial risks from the possibility of reduced reliability in electricity supplied. Mining companies may incur higher costs from having to rely on back-up generators. Hydroelectric power production facilities are susceptible to water supply fluctuation issues. The shortfall in resources of the mining company may affect its relationship with the host community in terms of its ability to effectively carry out corporate social responsibility. The inability of the mining company to significantly contribute to the health, educational and general well-being of the host community may lead to workforce availability issues and increased bad blood between the host community and the mining company which may in the long run affect the company’s social licence to operate.

    Climate change also negatively affects the transportation supply chains of mining companies especially if the transportation supply chain infrastructure is located in coastal areas and regions susceptible to inland flooding. In the case of coastal areas, the operation of port and storage facilities may be affected by gradual sea level rise, as well as higher storm surge during extreme weather events such as floods. Roads and railways are also susceptible to impacts in these areas, as well as impacts from inland flooding from increased precipitation. Run off can damage road and rail segments.

    The government over the years has worked hard to ensure sustainable development of Nigeria’s minerals resources sector with the promulgation of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act 2007; the Nigerian Mineral and Metals Policy 2008;  the Roadmap for the Development of Solid Minerals and Metals Sector 2012 and ‘On the Road to Shared Mining Prosperity: Roadmap for the Growth and Development of the Nigerian Mining Industry (2016)’. However there exist low hanging fruits that the solid minerals sector can adopt to mine these minerals for economic development without predisposing the environment to climate change. Maintaining healthy vegetation around mines sites is one such low hanging fruit. This helps to stabilize the ground as it reduces percolation of water and prevent erosion by water. Mine sites could be screened, landscaped and beautified to improve their aesthetic values. Maintaining healthy vegetation around mine sites ensures carbon sequestration (carbon storage) within the trees rather than having these carbons being released into the atmosphere. This is more effective if the vegetation cover is predominantly trees with very long life span. Mandatory Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for any project that has the potential to significantly affect the carbon budget around the locality of the project is also recommended

     

    • Martins Eke,

    Centre For Social Justice, Abuja.