• Reports urge govts to take action
One in every 10 medical products circulating in the low and middle income countries has been estimated to be either substandard or fake, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has said in its latest two reports.
The implication is that people are taking medicines that either fail to treat or prevent disease. Not only is this a waste of money for individuals and health systems that purchase these products, substandard or falsified (fake) medical products can cause serious illness or death.
According to WHO Director-General, Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, “substandard and falsified medicines particularly affect the most vulnerable communities. Imagine a mother, who gives up food or other basic needs to pay for her child’s treatment, unaware that the medicines are substandard or falsified, and then that treatment causes her child to die. This is unacceptable. Countries have agreed on measures at the global level – it is time to translate them into tangible action.”
Since 2013, WHO has received 1500 reports of cases of substandard or falsified products. Of these, anti-malarials and antibiotics are the most commonly reported. Most of the reports (42per cent) come from the WHO African Region, 21 per cent from the WHO Region of the Americas, and 21per cent from the WHO European Region.
This is in tandem with Nigerian Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC)’s report- In July of 2013, it seized 150,000 doses of a falsified emergency contraceptive.
This is likely just a small fraction of the total problem and many cases may be going unreported. For example, only eight per cent of reports of substandard or falsified products to WHO came from the WHO Western Pacific Region, six per cent from the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, and just two per cent from the WHO South-East Asia Region.
“Many of these products, like antibiotics, are vital for people’s survival and wellbeing,” said Dr Mariângela Simão, Assistant Director-General for Access to Medicines, Vaccines and Pharmaceuticals at WHO, “Substandard or falsified medicines not only have a tragic impact on individual patients and their families, but also are a threat to antimicrobial resistance, adding to the worrying trend of medicines losing their power to treat.”
Prior to 2013, there was no global reporting of this information. Since WHO established the Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for substandard and falsified products, many countries are now active in reporting suspicious medicines, vaccines and medical devices. WHO has trained 550 regulators from 141 countries to detect and respond to this issue. As more people are trained, more cases are reported to WHO.
WHO has received reports of substandard or falsified medical products ranging from cancer treatment to contraception. They are not confined to high-value medicines or well-known brand names and are split almost evenly between generic and patented products.
In conjunction with the first report from the Global Surveillance and Monitoring System published today, WHO is publishing research that estimates a 10.5 percent failure rate in all medical products used in low- and middle-income countries.
This study was based on more than 100 published research papers on medicine quality surveys done in 88 low- and middle-income countries involving 48 000 samples of medicines. Lack of accurate data means that these estimates are just an indication of the scale of the problem. More research is needed to more accurately estimate the threat posed by substandard and falsified medical products.
Based on 10 per cent estimates of substandard and falsified medicines, a modeling exercise developed by the University of Edinburgh estimates that 72 000 to 169 000 children may be dying each year from pneumonia due to substandard and falsified antibiotics. A second model done by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine estimates that 116 000 (64 000 – 158 000) additional deaths from malaria could be caused every year by substandard and falsified antimalarials in sub-Saharan Africa, with a cost of US$ 38.5 million (21.4 million – 52.4 million) to patients and health providers for further care due to failure of treatment.
Substandard medical products reach patients when the tools and technical capacity to enforce quality standards in manufacturing, supply and distribution are limited. Falsified products, on the other hand, tend to circulate where inadequate regulation and governance are compounded by unethical practice by wholesalers, distributors, retailers and health care workers. A high proportion of cases reported to WHO occur in countries with constrained access to medical products.
Modern purchasing models such as online pharmacies can easily circumvent regulatory oversight. These are especially popular in high-income countries, but more research is needed to determine the proportion and impact of sales of substandard or falsified medical products.
Globalisation is making it harder to regulate medical products. Many falsifiers manufacture and print packaging in different countries, shipping components to a final destination where they are assembled and distributed. Sometimes, offshore companies and bank accounts have been used to facilitate the sale of falsified medicines.
“The bottom line is that this is a global problem,” said Dr Simão. As, “Countries need to assess the extent of the problem at home and cooperate regionally and globally to prevent the traffic of these products and improve detection and response.”
