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Tag: World IP Day

  • IP and Music: A living partnership

    IP and Music: A living partnership

    By Adebambo Adewopo

    As World IP Day marks a record two and half decades in the mission of raising awareness about the role of IP with this year’s theme ‘IP and Music: Feel the beat of IP”, the world of music deservedly takes another front seat after it made its debut ten years ago with the earlier theme “Get up. Stand up. For Music”. This recognition is a testament to the remarkable power and allure of music as one of man’s most potent forms of creative expression. The chequered legacy of intellectual property itself has had a historic connection with the musical genre and remains inextricably tied to the universality and global compact of music as a creative life-force naturally meant for the promise that copyright holds, among all other forms of creativity eligible for protection. The power of music is seen and felt everywhere but at no other time as today has that power proven as impactful and forceful in the pursuit of happiness and every area of life, be it personal, spiritual, social, business, political and more. Shakespeare wrote of music as ‘the food of love’. Music is not just the food of the human soul; it has become the food of life – a nourishment at the core of human existence. Music secured by IP has brought fame and fortune to generations of music creators worldwide. Expounding the interplay of music and IP as this year’s theme, WIPO declares “From the rhythms that invite us to dance to the lyrics that echo our emotions, music enriches every aspect of our lives. Music is a universal form of creative expression and intellectual property (IP) rights play a pivotal role in supporting a vibrant and diverse music landscape. Music permeates every sector, and IP fosters the presence of music beyond its own realm”. Beyond the metaphor, music has continued to add value, serve humanity and foster societal peace and harmony. In concrete terms, it functions across industries – entertainment, technology, fashion, sports, video games, commerce, marketing and branding, advertising, and more.

    Since the early days, music has entered the universe of copyright and gingerly remains there, gaining momentum with the increasing dominance of global recording industry. Without copyright, the law’s recognition of the power and culture of music would have remained largely elusive, given the complexities and the dynamic trajectories of IP and music in the last half a century. The normative role of IP has been salutary to music as a creative entity eligible for protection and the incentives to music creators, the music industry, as well as public interest. From its origin in the prohibition of unauthorised copying of sheet music to the protection of musical composition in the 1800s, to the institution of exclusive rights in public performances, broadcasting, making of sound recordings in any medium, including the rights of making available in file sharing and streaming with the advent of digital technology, copyright regime for music has expanded inexorably. Live performances and expression of folklore, commonly referred to as ‘neighbouring rights’ have readily joined the web of protection in many jurisdictions and internationally. The increased term of protection, as well as the realm of infringement and liability under copyright law, has benefited music creators and the recording industry worldwide. IP as the primary legal framework for the protection of creativity comprising IP rights, administration and enforcement, including collective management systems, the more recent fair use doctrine, secondary liability and anti-circumvention rules of the digital era, has played indispensable roles in navigating the emergent environment. This legal gamut implies that IP and copyright in particular are indeed the cornerstone of the music industry.

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    Significantly, a trilogy of developments in WIPO’s norm-setting annal across 200 years best attests to WIPO’s fidelity to the international protection of music as a creative enterprise. That, for the most part, was a watershed in the normative evolution of music-copyright complex and the promotion of the narrative that copyright is the bedrock of the music industry. First, it began with the seminal Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886), including music and its Berlin Revision of 1908 which further reinforced music protection with the inclusion of sound recording, among others, in the categories of protected works under the Berne. The second development was defined by two of WIPO’s treaties; the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations (1961) and the Performances and Phonograms Treaty (1996) which signposted music copyright for the new technological environment that ushered in 21st century full-blown digital dispensation. This was joined by WTO’s TRIPs Agreement of 1995. The third phase was the WIPO’s first treaty of the 21st century, Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances (2012), though expanded the economic and moral rights of audiovisual performances, also extended protection for performers’ rights of musicians and singers alike. This international legal architecture lies at the heartbeat of IP protection for the music industry and has resonated in the rapid succession of copyright reform across jurisdictions both in the strength of IP law and policy-making and the campaign against piracy and counterfeiting, the twin menace of the creative industries worldwide. The exponential growth of copyright in the last 100 years into the digital age has influenced the current copyright debate about the global music industry and fortunes of generations of the world’s music talents and musical revolution, in particular the Afrobeats renaissance on the Continent. Today, the gravity of Afrobeats as a global phenomenon that is increasingly felt cannot be locked in the shadows of IP. The prospects of a new dawn now await the emerging generation of African and Nigerian music talents, Afrobeats’ leading exponents, as the world embraces the sound of Africa such that neither IP itself nor its long-standing tensions with traditional knowledge (TK) protection can diminish any longer.

    To the eternal credit of IP reform, the progressive expansion of the ‘exclusive rights’ that have shaped the protection of musical works and sound recording has responded to the massive explosion of the music industry as a cultural and economic powerhouse, and a net contributor to the global knowledge economy. Today, official reports point to the pivotal role of the music industry and the value of the rights of musicians, composers and producers in the ever-competitive global and digital marketplace. In 2024 alone, the over USD29 billion mark in revenue of the global recorded music industry represents an increasing growth trajectory that is largely driven by digital evolution through streaming and performing revenue. Afrobeats industry, again, has made significant inroads as a frontier economy, and by all means, has continued to contribute to wealth creation, enhanced revenue streams, cultural influence and soft power. With over N728 billion in the combined contribution of the Nigerian creative industry to the national economy, the social, economic and cultural power of music is not lost on the recent reforms taking place in the IP and creative ecosystem. WIPO’s theme ‘feel the beat of IP’ therefore is a clear reflection of the present momentum and certainly comes alive in the rapidly evolving Nigerian music industry that has continued to engage global attention as it compels new and innovative models of governance, transformative engagement and building collaboration in the spirit of the historic partnership between IP and music.

    • Professor Adewopo (SAN) is a former Director General of Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC).

  • World IP Day 2024: A Postscript

    World IP Day 2024: A Postscript

    By Adebambo Adewopo

    The legacy of World IP Day has never ceased to impress on global consciousness a profound theme that always affirms the benevolent gifts of creativity and innovation to mankind. Since its inception in 2000 when WIPO first designated April 26 as World IP Day to raise awareness about the significance of intellectual property (IP), each theme has faithfully defined the timeless role of creators, innovators, and inventors in the flourishing of society. This year’s theme ‘IP and SDGs: Building our common future with innovation and creativity’ ‘shines a light on the central importance of innovation, creativity, and IP to achieving the 17 SDGs.’ Envisioned as ‘our common future’, it echoes the complex dynamics of IP and SDGs in a world that is faced with multiple crises as the 2030 deadline to achieving the UN sustainable development goals draws closer and closer. The theme reminds us of the collective but unliquidated burden of peace and prosperity for people and the planet and the role of innovation, creativity, and IP in the liquidation of that burden. WIPO’s theme strikes at the heart of the fragile sustainable development ecosystem and the central role of IP as a strategic tool in facilitating the SDGs’ realisation for the benefit of everyone without leaving anyone behind. In the intricacies of creativity and innovation, the theme finds cogency and currency in the tensions of the fundamental objectives and narratives of IP policies and SDGs weaved into the trajectories of our common future.

    According to the UN, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is ‘a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity’. At the heart of the agenda are 17 SDGs which cover wide-ranging themes carefully organised into five thematic clusters of people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership. These themes include fighting poverty (SDG 1), good health and wellbeing (SDG 3), quality education (SDG 4), gender equality (SDG 5), affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9), climate action (SDG 13), peace, justice and strong institutions (SDG 16), among others. SDGs reinvent a renewed worldview in which to define an optimal or somewhat perfect state for humanity and effectively usher the world into the age of sustainable development. Since 2015 when the clock started ticking, it was both ambitious and onerous to accomplish such a range of missions in 15 years in an already fractured world faced with challenges of development. Nonetheless, it is attainable given robust cooperation at national and international levels. Particularly, in the last three years, the world has witnessed more crises that may probably take more than the decade deadline left on the SDGs trail. The SDGs have engendered complex geopolitical debates on the implications of national and international policies and regimes on the global goals with each SDG requiring specific policy initiatives.

    While the whole idea of ‘sustainable development’ has been a subject of contestation among scholars and development experts for decades, it seems we are in a constant state of reconstructing the idea and its intrinsic values right from its ‘Brundtland’ roots to SDGs as we have it today. In SDGs, we have found a global consensus on a common future that is being shaped by a diversity of local and global development policy-making. WIPO’s fidelity to the vision of development is evident both in its founding and normative history. Prior to SDGs itself, WIPO had launched the WIPO Development Agenda (2004-2007) and established a Development Programme focusing on global challenges in the area of health, food security, and climate change. Even long before the development agenda, and indeed, in the annals of IP norm-setting, successive instruments from both the Paris and Berne Conventions, the original pair, to the Beijing and Marrakesh treaty, the most recent two of WIPO’s treaties, development considerations and a balanced international IP system have been recurrent decimal in WIPO’s institutional templates.

    It is instructive to this year’s theme that two more treaties, in a single year, are expected this year as WIPO holds two landmark Diplomatic Conferences that will further shape the vistas of creativity and innovation, and advance the cause of SDGs and our common future. Both the proposed Designs Law Treaty (DLT) that will assist the community of designers to ‘obtain easier, faster and cheaper protection for their designs’ in the domestic and global markets and the prospects of a new treaty on IP, Genetic Resources and associated Traditional Knowledge (TK) to prevent patents from misappropriating TK and associated genetic resources with new ‘patent disclosure requirements’ are testaments to WIPO’s treaty-making process and the promise of SDGs as more creatives, innovators and indigenous communities can be brought into the future commons. As an integral part of the UN Sustainable Development Group, further marking WIPO’s commitment to the 2030 agenda.

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    The world has continued to witness the immense value of innovation and IP in providing solutions to diverse social problems such as in health, education, vaccines, climate and energy crises, renewable energy, agriculture, food security, digital and biotechnologies, human rights, economy, and more. Yet as our experience has time and again weathered the complexities involved, the recurring intersections of the IP system and SDGs have raised several questions particularly on how the constant evolution of IP norms challenges the SDGs landscape and whether new and dynamic approaches to IP policy-making can and will deliver on development aspirations and SDGs. It is no longer in doubt whether policymakers and legislators have misunderstood the debates whether IP, whether in the world of copyright, patent or trademark, has far-reaching implications for SDGs and is a key engine of social and economic development among nations. While the pursuit of development is not completely a new challenge for the IP system, SDGs present their challenges in a new wineskin such that questions abound about whether the IP system would not require dynamic shifts in the operating norms to adequately engage the SDGs exigences in a world that is facing enormous inequality. In the developing countries especially, access to knowledge, digital economy and digital technologies, patents’ unfinished business with access to medicines, and public health questions in a post-pandemic world have continued to question the global commitment to the balance of the IP system in the realisation of SDGs. It looks promising that several middle-income countries are ascending in the recent ranking of the Global Innovation Index (GII) attesting to the rise of ‘innovative economies’ and the progress in advancing the goals of sustainable development.

    On the continent, Agenda 2063 reflects SDGs in Africa’s aspirations for inclusive and sustainable development and taken alongside AcFTA and its Protocols, inclusive of the Protocol on IPRs aligns with WIPO’s vision of ‘our common future’ through the instrumentality of innovation, creativity, and IP situated in the theme. Recent legislative and policy reforms, modest howbeit important to the development of the Nigerian IP landscape provide new companions to the SDGs. On the legislative front, the three new IP laws – the Copyright Act of 2022, the Plant Varieties Protection Act of 2021, and the 2022 amendment to the Trademarks Act contribute to expanding the compass of PROMOTING AND protecting creativity, and access to knowledge; promoting food security and agricultural innovation through the protection of new plant varieties; promoting trade facilitation and ease of doing business. The objectives and substantive tenor have wider implications and linkages to a good number of SDGs, in particular SDG 1 (Fighting poverty), SDG 2 (Hunger), SDG 3 (promoting good health), SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 8 (economic growth) and SDG 9 (industry and innovation), SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), SDG 14 (life below water), and SDG 15 (life on land). On the policy space, the draft national IP policy and strategy (NIPPS), the institutionalisation of the creative economy as a government ministry, significant in the milestones of the Nigerian creative industries, and the harmonisation of IP administration, another anticipated milestone this year in the context of the long-standing implementation of the 2014 White Paper on the rationalisation of government agencies, are pivotal initiatives in mainstreaming IP in national development policy architecture. The singular and combined impacts of policy, legal, and institutional reforms are the impulses that are further advancing the dynamics of aligning IP and SDGs in the country. 

    Mindful that the task of harnessing the earth has always been man’s burden and his ingenuity from time immemorial, but as humanity trudges along the limits of a digital Pangea, the global community cannot relent in its aspiration for a future that all the creativity and innovation of its citizens can engender. Now, with a sparse 12 percent of SDGs achieved, a sub-optimal milestone in a post-pandemic era characterised by war, poverty, inequality, hunger, migration, climate crises, and other deprivations, the very antithesis of SDGs; more dynamic, and transformational interventions are on call to accelerate the SDGs milestones and revamp the broken global economy. This is how momentous the theme of this year’s World IP Day is, as it compels greater attention to the knowledge governance systems to implement pro-development and balanced frameworks that will help to achieve the sustainability that is so direly needed in these turbulent times we live in.

    • Adewopo, SAN, is Professor of Intellectual Property Law and former Director-General of the Nigerian Copyright Commission.