Interswitch Group has announced the launch of Interswitch Rewards with its partner ThankUCash.

The co-founder/Chief Executive Officer, Connected Analytics Inc., owner of the ThankUCash brand, Simeon Ononobi, said their objective is to build relationships that will foster growth for businesses and customers.

“We are excited that Interswitch has partnered with us and we look forward to delivering the best solutions for her customers and merchants. It is merchants and customers that really and truly benefit from a partnership like this. We are very delighted with this partnership.

“When we first conceptualsed the partnership with Interswitch we realised quickly it would be a massive program knowing the capacity and reach of Interswitch and as such we enhanced our platform created a reliable platform that our partner Interswitch can be proud of and can utilise to create Interswitch Rewards programme.

“This is the first of its kind and a real loyalty infrastructure that will make businesses prosper and customers excited to spend on products that they need.”

Managing Director, Digital Commerce and Merchant Acquiring (Paymate), Interswitch Group, Muyiwa Asagba, said: “This partnership with ThankUCash is consistent with our business and merchant empowerment plan. We will continue to leverage our expertise to deliver innovative solutions that help businesses grow.’’

taking into consideration the major role SMEs play in enhancing socio-economic growth across the nation. The Quickteller Business platform offers a comprehensive, integrated, payment tool that allows businesses to receive and track payments, generate e-invoices and gain access to a robust view of their business analytics. The platform has been bolstering its offerings since inception to meet merchants’ existing and future needs.”

According to the company’s co-founder /Chief Operations Officer, Madonna Ononobi, “ThankUCash is on a mission to form more partnerships, and this will continue as we look forward to expanding our reach by providing cutting edge consumer shopping tools to help businesses and merchants alike. We are poised to reach our vision of connecting 10,000 businesses to over 10 million customers across Africa by the end of 2023.”

The partnership will enable Interswitch deliver on its commitment to consistently empower businesses of all sizes, by boosting the relationship between merchants and customers, thereby enhancing customer loyalty and retention.

In addition, the partnership offers significant potential for the integration of ThankUCash Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) into other Interswitch offerings, ranging from cards and loyalty, POS terminals, and processing card loyalty.

Following the launch, merchants on Quickteller Business will have the ability to set up loyalty points for their customers who can redeem accumulated points at various locations in exchange for items ranging from groceries to petrol etc.

Merchants are required to enable the ThankUCash service on their Quickteller Business dashboard to access this offering.

Donors for Africa Foundation, a grant management organisation, is grooming social innovators to develop inspired and innovative solutions, DANIEL ESSIET reports.

Some of the key issues faced by the Federal and state governments include how to develop innovative and sustainable social ventures to tackle social needs.

Consequently, the campaign is to help young people develop a social mindset and to support more social entrepreneurs.

Donors for Africa Foundation, a grant management organisation, is supporting early stage social entrepreneurs.

Most of these entrepreneurs are creating impact at a grassroots or community, but collectively their impact is huge.

The organisation focuses on developing the skills and business acumen of the founders and the team leading the social ventures.

While many people dream of launching their social enterprises, the journey to become successful is paved with challenges and requires courage and determination. Donors for Africa Foundationis encouraging more Nigerians to begin their social entrepreneurship projects.

”I believe in integrity, dedication, an unwavering commitment to change and a consistent desire for growth,” Mrs. Chidi Koldsweat,who is the founder, Lead Strategist, Donors for Africa Foundation, stated recently at the African Social Innovators Awards in Lagos.

The African Social Innovators Boot Camp was designed to strengthen the capacity of leading development professionals and provide them with the technical expertise required to solve some of Africa’s biggest problems.

The boot camp was held with African Union Office of the Youth Envoy, STEAM UP Lagos, Bella Naija, Exquisite Magazine, Women of Rubies, Identities Media and the winner’s gift sponsored by MARITEAM Nigeria Limited.

The event was held to honour the graduating cohort of the African Social Innovators Boot Camp. It was a four-month intensive training with courses delivered by leading local and international experts. Over 17 experts facilitated different sessions in the boot camp and the pitch was judged by leading founders in development.

Mrs. Koldsweat noted that the organisation was determined to  boost  grassroots development by grooming  social entrepreneurs to y transform communities and countries.

According to her, a lot can be e achieved by strengthening the capacity of social innovators, nonprofits, impact led businesses and social enterprises to access funds, achieve their vision towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Project Lead, Donors for Africa Foundation, Olamide Sopien, said the cohort II of the African Social Innovators Boot Camp received over 187 applications. Forty-five innovators were selected from 23 African countries.

The Founder, AjoBank.ng, Gbenga Owoye, won the pitch competition, while founder Bina Al-Amal Foundation, Omobolanle Ajijola and Kisitu Daniel,Muafrica repurpose Limited,Kampala, came in second and third place.

Other finalists  included Anita Nchat Kevin of Amina Dyslexia Centre, Godwin Kalu of Leadworld Leadership Initiative, Teh Francis Yai of Goodness and Mercy Missions, Temi Phyllis Pratt of Canon Education, Chinedu Ezeabasili Nnabuife of Circatrova Integrated Service, Uloma Ogba of Give Girls a Chance and Grace Obi of Women Assist International.

The event was sponsored by the African Union Office of the Youth Envoy, MARITEAM Nigeria Limited and STEAM UP Lagos, with Bella Naija, Exquisite Magazine, Women of Rubies, and Identities Media as media partners.

Leaders in the advertising industry are making efforts to encourage and inspire creative entrepreneurs, DANIEL ESSIET reports.

One industry with a new class of innovators and builders is advertising.The practitioners are redefining how Nigeria is perceived in the eyes of the world.

Despite the pandemic and its blow on the creative industries, advertising has groomed business leaders who work on projects to create positive social change.

To this end, stakeholders in the sector have unveiled GAGE Awards aimed at raising the bar of service delivery, increase the pace of innovation and attract new talents to the digital space. The award is seen as a key private sector contribution towards raising standards in the digital space as well as amplifying the value of digital in Nigeria.

The founder, GAGE Awards, Johnson Anorh, noted that the most innovative thinkers are working to ensure that the industry continues to tackle significant issues in communications, despite the hurdles.

In these challenging times, he sees advertising entrepreneurs as epitome of leadership and originality that strike a collective note of optimism for a brighter tomorrow.

The Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) is ready to throw its weight behind the yearly GAGE Awards. The endorsement of APCON gives GAGE Awards the fillip it requires to fly higher.

APCON Registrar, Dr. Olalekan Fadolapo said the GAGE Awards is a good platform for creating rating, as it affects the marketing communications in the tech space.

He hinted that APCON will see where and how it can come in as marketing communications cannot be talked about without the mentioning of APCON.

“We must know what is happening in terms of creating rating, but what you are saying is creating rating as it affects the marketing communications in the tech space,” he said.

Fadolapo highlighted that craftsmanship is supposed to be paramount, noting that while tech is taking the space, craftsmanship has little or nothing to do with tech.

“Software is writing copy, but you cannot compare copy that is written by software with what someone like Lanre Adisa or Steve Babaeko will sit down to do. So, what should be the area of focus? Where is the uniqueness in the campaign you are looking for?”he queried.

Fadolapo said the credibility of the judges must be brought to bear when talking about the creative because they are going to judge different campaigns, and campaign is more about branding and marketing.

“There will be lot of conversation around it, and so if we are going to be bringing people on board. They must be people that can …if there are opportunities for us to help you look at it, or opportunities for us to have our own input as APCON…”

The search is on for food entrepreneurs, DANIEL ESSIET reports.

While food insecurity and hunger remain an issue, it has created innovative opportunities for innovators, investors and entrepreneurs.

Consequently, there are programmes to identify food entrepreneurs to transform the system. These include helping aspiring entrepreneurs with new business ideas, to early stage startups and scale ups.

This is the reason the docu-reality TV series Street Foodz Naija, powered by Foodbay TV. It is sponsored by Peak Yoghurt, from the stable of Friesland Campina WAMCO. The second edition ended in Lagos recently with the prize of N2 million won by Fajana Oluwafemi (La Krim).

The TV show, which focused on celebrating street foodpreneurs, aired for 13 weeks and featured 13 contestants vying for the ultimate prize of being crowned ‘King’ of Street Foods. Each week featured various tasks which the contestants competed in as groups or individuals.   The Street Credibility task, which was sponsored by Peak Yoghurt, featured contestants competing in groups to achieve the highest sales of a street food recipe created by them and sold to customers on the street.

At the end of the task, the three chefs – Chinenye Okam (Native Chef), Atigogo Patrick Oghenekevwe (Chef Chencko) and Owoeye Damilare (Chefs D Naija), came up tops and were each rewarded with N500,000 seed money to expand their business.

At the finale, Marketing Manager, Peak Milk, Grace Onwubuemeli, explained that Peak Yoghurt was on the platform as a sponsor to support creative youth entrepreneurs. She adds: “It has been worth the while, we spotted and deployed a very good opportunity to confirm to our youth, once again that hard work, diligence, and attention to details pays.”

Senior Category Manager, Peak Yoghurt, Orah Egwu, emphasised the importance of encouraging innovation and creativity among the youth.

“Nigerian youths are creative, hardworking and driven, and they need support to reach their Peak, hence we decided to support their dreams by providing seed money to the winners of the street credibility task to expand their business.”

Also, Managing Director, Maxima Media Group, Oluwafemi Ogundoro, explained that Street Foodz Naija was aimed at empowering the foodpreneurs.

“If you check the structure, you will see that we have a lot of them at the bottom of the pyramid and it’s like that virtually across Africa. They are an integral part of the informal sector contributing to the GDP but because of the way the country is structured, you cannot capture or gauge their contribution,” he noted.

Ogundoro also commended Peak Yoghurt for its innovative role in supporting youths.

He praised Peak Yoghurt for supporting the vision and finding a most innovative way of supporting youth foodpreneurs and encouraging them to scale up their businesses.

An agritech startup is helping farmers connect with buyers. It is an online marketplace for farmers to register and sell their produce. DANIEL ESSIET reports.

The agritech business sector has seen growth with numerous startups emerging with new technologies to cater to the needs of farmers and maximise their output. One of them is a start up Bellefu.com, which services aid agricultural productivity and profitability.

He said the idea behind the startup is to deliver tech-enabled future-ready solutions to the farming community in a frictionless manner and revolutionise the way post-harvest management services are processed across the country.

Bellefu.com is helping farmers store produce and sell at a better price. The spokesperson, Bellefu.com, Oluwaseun said the idea behind the startup is to deliver tech-enabled future-ready solutions to the farming community in a frictionless manner and revolutionise the way post-harvest management services are processed across the country.

He said: “Post-harvest losses have significant nutritional, health, and financial impacts for both consumers and farmers, disproportionately affecting women, who are largely responsible for managing post-harvest drying, cleaning, and storage. “For rural families, many of whom already live on the edge of hunger, lost food means lost land, water, fertiliser and income for those who can least afford it.

“Lost food also deprives farmers of the opportunity to grow and strengthen their businesses. Growers can produce large quantities of good-quality fruits, ornamentals, and vegetables, but, if they do not have a dependable, fast, and equitable means of getting such commodities to the consumer, losses will be extensive.

“This problem exists in many locations within developing countries. It is accentuated by lack of communication between producers and receivers, and lack of market information.”

Olukumoro added that post-harvest loss in Nigeria is responsible for wiping out as much as half of the harvests for some crops, particularly perishable crops as tomatoes, vegetables, and fruits.

“Some of these losses occur on the farm, during harvest, gathering, and others occur while the commodities are in transit, during offloading (due to poor handling), and in varying degrees in the entire process from farm to fork.

“It does not end at just perishables, but even commodities such as grains. Post-harvest losses (in Nigeria) have been estimated to range between five and 20 per cent for grains; 20 per cent for fish and as high as between 50 and 60 per cent for tubers, fruits and vegetables.

“Post-harvest loss is not just a crop thing, it affects even dairy, where if one milks a cow and it is not properly preserved or processed within three hours, it will go completely bad.”

He said part of the solutions to addressing the problem of post-harvest loss is to employ technology. “Agricultural marketing covers the services involved in moving an agricultural product from the farm to the consumer. Numerous interconnected activities are involved in doing this, such as planning, production, growing and harvesting, grading, packing, transport, storage, agro and food processing, distribution, advertising and sale.

“Companies in these sectors can now choose between traditional business outreach channels or online marketing practices. While a lot of different businesses have taken up digital marketing strategies, and run a mix of offline and online campaigns, the technology adoption rate in the agriculture sector is comparatively low.”

Olukumoro added that digitization and easy internet access have changed the face of farming forever and many in the industry are scrambling to keep up with the new methods available to keep them in touch with their customers.

He said digital marketing in agriculture will eliminate middlemen as farmers can directly contact the buyers, wholesalers and dealers, “and this reduces the number of intermediaries or middlemen in the supply chain. This results in better price realization, better availability of crops, and less scarcity’’.

“Farmers can now have greater and wider access to modern farming methods and techniques through online training and webinars.”

He said at the long-run digital marketing will be beneficial to farmers to reach out and be visible to a broad range of audiences.

“At the same time, they may come in contact with suppliers of post-harvest technologies such as transport, storing, and packaging. In many cases, farmers have to transport their produce to local markets for them to be able to reach buyers. Digital marketing, however, puts the farmer and his produce on a global stage for any prospective buyer/customer to ‘see’.

Olukumoro said this was the gap Bellefu.com has come to fill as it emerged as the first, dynamic and unique online marketplace with several digital/online options for the world of agriculture to enjoy. He said there are bellefu app for android and iOS users, bellefu blog, bellefu online farmers’ radio, webinars – and a strong social media presence.”

Lagos is partnering the Federal Government to strengthen social protection. This includes safeguarding the well-being and livelihoods of Nigerians, DANIEL ESSIET reports.

BEFORE the COVID-19 pandemic, many Nigerians were confronting social and economic shocks. The number of containment measures taken had highlighted existing vulnerabilities across society.

In Lagos, the Commissioner for Wealth Creation and Employment, Yetunde Arobieke, said strengthening social protection became a key component of the government’s strategy to reach families across state.

Before the pandemic, she said the government had been looking for solutions, and working with partners  to tackle poverty, build human capital, and improve the  skills of poor and vulnerable families.

According to her, social protection programmes are at the heart of the government’s action plan to lift people and their families out of poverty.

Consequently, she said the state embraced the national social investment programme (NSIP) of the Federal Government, which is a component of the National Social Safety Net Projects (NASSP). She said NSIP, supported by the World Bank, is focused on ensuring a more equitable distribution to vulnerable population, including children, youths and women.

She listed the programmes to include National School Feeding Programme, N-Power, National Conditional Cash Transfer and Government Enterprise and Empowerment Programme (GEEP).

She continued: “To ensure effectiveness and efficient of these programmes and that resources meant for integrated National Social investment programme are monitored, the Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development (MHADMSD) has identified independent monitors across the country and 206 were, specifically, trained to monitor these programmes in Lagos.”

Social Protection has helped to provide better investments to the people, including fast-tracking CCT to households which Governor, Babajide Sanwo-Olu, approved in April, last year to help the less privileged, she added.

Chairman House Committee on Wealth Creation and Employment, Hon. Jude Emeka Idumogu said the government’s support efforts to expand and strengthen social protection mechanisms to safeguard well-being and livelihoods, leaving no one behind in country response and recovery plans.

Speaking during the kick off of the distribution in Lagos, the Minister of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development, Alhaja Sadiya Farouq, noted, however, that they must reach 80 percent of their deliverables monthly to be eligible for their stipend,  adding that the duration of their assignment is for one year from June 1, 2021 to May 31, 2022.

The minister, who was represented by the Permanent Secretary of the ministry, Bashir Nura Alkali, said a social investment management information system (SIMIS) application to monitor programmes under the NSIP, had been launched.

She explained that President Muhammadu Buhari launched NSIP in 2016 to lift Nigerians out of poverty.

Some of the NSIP’s intervention include N-Power, national home-grown school feeding programme (NHGSFP), and conditional cash transfer programme (CCT).

She recalled that in February, this year, the Federal Government kicked off the training of 5,000 independent monitors for NSIP.

The Minster also said the devices given out  were  equipped with applications that will be used for monitors.

By Joseph Eshanokpe

WOMEN entrepreneurs have been urged to be part of to the country’s development. The Executive Chairman, Unicorn Group and Platform Capital Investment Partner Dr Akintoye Akindele, gave the advice during the unveiling of Future Females Invest Iconic Women Network in Victoria Island, Lagos.

Akindele said though women entrepreneurs control over 20 percent of businesses in Nigeria, the figure was too small.

He said post-COVID-19 provided the opportunity for women entrepreneurs to thrive, adding that many venture capitalists were ready to partner female businesses.

Executive Marketing Head, Old Mutual Insurance Co. Limited, Alero Ladipo, said: “Old Mutual and FFI Iconic Women Network is for women entrepreneurs to be economically empowered. The partnership and networking will enable female entrepreneurs to grow their wealth and create their own legacies.”

“I posit that no financial plan better empowers than an insurance cover. All genders are equally insured with the same expectations in terms of compensation, which allows for a balanced society and further propels women to achieve greater goals.”

Meanwhile, co-founder, FFI, Torera Abiola, urged the Bank of Industry (BoI), Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) and Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) to partner FFI to revamp the economy.

“Iconic Women Network which consists of female entrepreneurs across Africa who have broken barriers and are leaders in industries, need to be encouraged to provide more employment to teeming youths and help the dwindling economy,” she noted.

Abiola added: “The FFI Iconic Women Network provides a safe haven for women leaders from a wide range of sectors and professions to meet, network and partner on investment.

“Women role models share their success stories to motivate, create, change and open doors for mentees.

“The time is now to move beyond music and scrolling social media, and to connect, obtain inspiring and useful business information that is necessary for female careers, business, personal and financial life.”

Over 50 leading women entrepreneurs attended the event. They include MD Management Transformation Limited, Dr Wura Abiola; Chief Executive Officer, Emerging Africa Capital Group, Toyin Sanni; Team Lead, Old Mutual Assurance Co Limited, Oluwatobi Adeleye; DMD Funtay Group, Remi Amoo; and Managing Partner, SDM Communication Limited Caroline Tenzer.

The labour market is characterised soaring unemployment, owing to inadequate vocational and entrepreneurship training.There are efforts by International Breweries to spur growth and employment creation, by promoting a culture of innovation and business resilience, DANIEL ESSIET reports.

Industry leaders are driving growth through programmes designed to boost entrepreneurship and innovation. The goal is to raise new young entrepreneurs that can respond to market challenges and opportunities.

For them, Nigeria needs new thinkers that can fuel business resilience and performance through innovation. To this end, organisations are supporting leading innovators in their industry, to deliver sustainable projects. In line with this, International Breweries Plc, through its social investment arm, International Breweries Foundation, launched the sixth Kickstart entrepreneurship programme recently.

The programme is aimed at accelerating the founding of new startups to boost the country’s growth as COVID-19. The initiative is targeted at young entrepreneurs between18 and 35.

Managing Director, International Breweries Plc, Hugo Rocha expressed delight that the initiative had evolved from a regional to a national programme that has spread to the six geopolitical zones and 36 states.”Over the years, we have held the conviction that the energy, zeal, and brilliance of the youths of Nigeria who constitute about 70 percent of the total population should be tapped and channelled to productive use.This is the logic behind Kickstart – to promote a culture of entrepreneurship among young people through training, provision of capital and mentorship,” he said.

Rocha added: “As International Breweries celebrates its 50th Anniversary this year, I am pleased that the results of a three-year impact assessment study that we commissioned on Kickstart came out positive and gives us the confidence to continue to support young people to achieve their dream of entrepreneurship. We remain steadfast in our commitment towards the economic development of Nigeria.”

The  Chairman, Advisory Board, International Breweries Foundation, Peter Bamkole said: “By creating Kickstart, International Breweries Foundation set out to be the nursery of innovation in business where budding enterprise managers are groomed-held by the hand and taken through the rigour of entrepreneurial work. We aim to produce well-rounded entrepreneurs who understand and are prepared to put in the work it takes to do business successfully in a unique climate like ours.”

Over the past five years, the Kickstart initiative has provided training, mentoring, and seed capital of N325,136 million for 274 grantees; 708 direct beneficiaries and 2,832 indirect beneficiaries across business sectors.

Legal and Corporate Affairs Director, International Breweries Plc, Temitope Oguntokun said there were awards for the young entrepreneurs. The award is in three phases: application, training phase and pitch fest. She explained that the Kickstart Initiative will be incorporating a training module for 500 young entrepreneurs online, many of who will go into the bootcamp.

This year’s edition also featured a search for entrepreneurs in Agriculture, Modular Retailing, Circular Packaging (Recycling), Technology, and Renewable Energy sectors. “After a transparent selection by the Enterprise Development Centre (EDC), which will open on May 20, successful applicants will be equipped with critical skills and training on entrepreneurship by experienced entrepreneurs and corporate professionals during a two-day boot camp. They will partake at the pitch fest where a panel will appraise their proposals before final selection. Winners will then be awarded grants at the awards ceremony in Lagos,” Oguntokun noted.

The launch, held in Lagos, was attended by dignitaries such as the Director for Employment, Lagos State Ministry of Wealth Creation and Employment, Mrs Iyabo Seriki-Bello, and Director of Partnerships and Coordination for Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), Dr Friday Okpara.

The Lagos State government is working with the National Social Investment Programme (NSIP) to promote employment and entrepreneurship, DANIEL ESSIET reports.

To close Nigeria’s skills deficit and increase employability, a range of policies and strategies have been put in place to facilitate job creation and entrepreneurship.

For example Lagos State is promoting upskilling, entrepreneurship and job creation  with the Federal Government and the private sector through  the Fedral Government’s National Social Investment Programme (NSIP) created in 2016.

The NSIPprogrammes include the Government Enterprise & Empowerment Programme (GEEP) scheme and the N-Power (Nigeria).

The Lagos Commissioner for Wealth Creation and Employment, Mrs Yetunde Arobieke said the problem requires more commitment to investing in youths and women to ensure that they have a prominent place in this country’s future.

Under a partnership with the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development, which warehouses NSIP’s intervention programmes, Mrs  Arobieke said efforts were made to ensure access to unlock economic opportunities to forge stronger, more sustainable and inclusive growth.

Under NSIP, Mrs Arobieke said small businesses in the state have benefited from the GEEP scheme.

GEEP, a micro-lending investment programme, the commissioner noted, had helped to change the lives of youths and women.

She said the Bank of Industry (BoI) has made disbursements to Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Lagos under the GEEP scheme.

She explained that support had been given to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and would-be entrepreneurs.

Targeting Nigerians between 18 and 35, she said, youths in the state had benefited from the N-Power (Nigeria) programme.

The N-Power, she maintained, provides young Nigerians with job training and education, awhile they get a stipend of N30, 000.

The Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) supports the most vulnerable by providing cash to them.

According to her, the impact of NSIP’s intervention programmes has helped in rebuilding rural economy.

In addition, she said her ministry is developing a data infrastructure that would collect specific data about youth employment and entrepreneurship.

The Assistant Director, Research and Statistics, Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development, Mrs Jumai Ali said with NSIP, Nigeria has strong potential to develop.

According to her, decent work is as an indispensable driver of sustainable development with the potential to lift households and communities out of poverty, adding that the NSIP managed by Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development, is  focused on find sustainable, long-term solutions to the massive challenges affecting Nigerians.

She reiterated that so much had been done to get many people empowered with skills and knowledge with which they would earn a living.

She said the CCT programme supports those within the lowest poverty bracket by improving nutrition.

She said the Federal Government hasdengaged 5000 independent monitors to verify disbursements made to Nigerians under the National Social Investment Programme (NSIP). Of this, 195 monitors were selected from Lagos. The monitors have begun a two- week training programme.

Also, a Unified National Social Register is to be inaugurated that will provide a database of government intervention programmes, including the list of beneficiaries nationwide.

She said monitors had been assigned to monitor beneficiaries in their schools, households and market clusters with the focus of ensuring that the primary objectives of the programmes were achieved.

She announced that the government would be working with the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFFC), Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) and security agencies to monitor against in malpractices.