Tag: ASUU

  • Fed Govt moves to avert varsity teachers’ strike, opens talks with ASUU

    Fed Govt moves to avert varsity teachers’ strike, opens talks with ASUU

    The Federal Government yesterday opened talks with the leadership of the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) to avert the disruption of academic activities in public universities nationwide.

    The meeting continues today, ahead of tomorrow,  the day  ASUU directed its chapters to commence strike if the Federal Government failed to meet its demands for improved welfare of its members and better funding of the education sector.  

    Education Minister Tunji Alausa is leading the Federal Government team.  

    “ The minister met with ASUU today. The meeting will continue. We will share the details when we have something concrete,” a top official of the ministry told The Nation.

    READ ALSO: FULL STEPS: How to be a LAGRIDE driver, earn N250,000, above

    ASUU President, Chris Piwuna, had at a news conference in Abuja, expressed displeasure with the challenges, including a hostile work environment and debilitating conditions of service faced by university teachers.  

    He said that the unaddressed status of the 2009 FGN/ASUU Agreement, the struggle in state universities and the erosion of university autonomy were not in the interest of the university education system.

    Piwuna urged the government to release the N150 billion revitalisation fund.

    The Key Demands:

    • conclusion of the renegotiation of the 2009 Federal Government/ASUU Agreement based on the Nimi Briggs Committee’s Draft Agreement of 2021;

    • release of withheld three-and-a-half months’ salaries on account of the 2022 strike ;

    • release of unpaid salaries of staff on sabbatical, part-time  and adjunct appointments;

    * Payment of 25/35 percent wage award arrears for one year; and

     • reinstatement of our victimised members in some state and federal universities, including but not limited to Lagos State University (LASU),   Prince Abubakar Audu University,   and FUTO;

    • release of outstanding third-party deductions such as check-off dues and cooperative contributions; and

    • funding for revitalisation of public universities; proliferation of universities by the federal and state governments

  • ASUU protest paralyses UNIBEN

    ASUU protest paralyses UNIBEN

    Members of Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), on Tuesday, joined a one- day protest over the non-implementation of the renegotiated 2009 agreement reached with the Federal Government.

    The protesters marched to the office of the Vice Chancellor with placards as they sang solidarity songs.

    They called on the Federal Government to implement the renegotiated 2009 agreement reached with the union.

    Chairman of UNIBEN ASUU, Ray Chikogu, said the 2009 agreement ought to have been reviewed several times since it was signed in 2009.

    READ ALSO: FULL STEPS: How to be a LAGRIDE driver, earn N250,000, above

     “In this country, we are the only group of people who have been subjected to that kind of treatment and we are saying we can’t take it anymore. 

    “We want to tell Nigerians that we have been in the same salary7 for sixteen years, it has never happened anywhere in the world, it is only Nigeria that lecturers and academics are treated with so much disdain.

    “If you go around the world, countries are investing in their education, it is only in Nigeria we allocate paltry sums to education. But we are saying that will not let education die in Nigeria and so the federal government must rise up to its responsibilities.”

     Deputy Vice Chancellor, Academics, Professor Victor Igbineweka and the Registrar, Ademola Bobola, received the protesters.

    Bobola said they would send the ASUU demands to the Federal Government.

  • ASUU protest unresolved challenges on IPPIS, delay of Uniosun lecturers’ arrears

    ASUU protest unresolved challenges on IPPIS, delay of Uniosun lecturers’ arrears

    …accuses Uniosun management of shortchanging members 

    The Academic Staff of Union of Universities(ASUU), Osun State University(Uniosun) on Tuesday protested against unresolved challenges its members faced when using the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS). 

    The Uniosun ASUU Chairperson, Comrade Wande Olaosebikan led other members of the union to protest at the university’s main campus, Osogbo with placards which carried several inscriptions which read ‘Remove Varsities from IPPIS &Salary Trapped Salaries’, ‘Release All Captured Revatalisation Funds for Infrastructure’ among others. 

    Addressing newsmen, Comrade Olaosebikan demanded the implementation of renegotiated 2009 Federal Government/ASUU agreement, sustainable funding of public universities, payment of outstanding 25/35% wage award and third-party party deductions. 

    They kicked against Tertiary Institutions Staff Support Fund (TISSF), victimisation of lecturers in Lagos State University, Koji State University and Federal University of Technology Owerri. 

    He described IPIS ad fraudulent scheme of salary payment which shortchanged their members nationwide. 

    According to him, The fraudulent IPPIS, which ASUU vehemently and consistently rejected has been eventually outlawed in our tertiary institutions because it tragically violated the University Miscellaneous Act also known as the University Autonomy Law. 

    “About four-year promotion arrears of ASUU members are still being trapped by the IMF/World Bank-sponsored software. In line with government’s directive, ASUU submitted and re-submitted the list of its affected members to the Office of the Accountant-General of the Federation (AGF), up till now, Federal Government has done nothing about it.”

    He added, “In UNIOSUN members of ASUU are being deliberately shortchanged in this regard by pegging payment of our promotion arrears to six months irrespective of the duration of the review process. 

    “Delaying lecturers promotion for more than two to three years and later paying them six month-arrears is not only an exploitative, unpardonable, wicked, provocative, ungodly, inhuman, aberrative and oppressive high-handedness, it amounts to unjustly punishing lecturers for the offence they did not commit. Authorities of UNIOSUN must stop this without further delay.”

  • FUTA ASUU stages protest, demands implementation of 2009 agreement

    FUTA ASUU stages protest, demands implementation of 2009 agreement

    The Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA) branch, on Tuesday staged a peaceful protest within the institution’s campus, demanding that the federal government implement the renegotiated 2009 ASUU–FGN agreement.

    The protest was in compliance with the directive of the union’s National Secretariat to all branches nationwide to demonstrate against what it described as the government’s neglect of critical issues affecting the education sector.

    Carrying placards with different inscriptions, FUTA-ASUU members warned that a fresh crisis might soon hit the country’s university system if the government continued to ignore their demands.

    Addressing journalists in Akure, the ASUU-FUTA Chairman, Prof. Pius Mogaji accused the federal government of treating issues affecting universities with “recklessness.”

    He lamented that despite the conclusion and submission of the report of the Alhaji Yayale Ahmed-led renegotiation committee since February 2025, the government had allowed the document to “gather dust in the corridors of power.”

    “Regrettably, months later, we are compelled to inform the Nigerian public that these legitimate and long-standing issues remain unaddressed, a trend that threatens our already fragile educational sector and faces the imminent risk of yet another crisis,” Mogaji said.

    Read Also: FUTA open distance learning bridging admission gaps, says ODIC director

    He noted that ASUU had run out of patience, warning that the union would not hesitate to take decisive steps if the government failed to act.

    “Our patience has been stretched to its breaking point. Trust has been shattered, and only decisive government action can mend it. The NEC has resolved that all options remain on the table. If the government chooses provocation over responsibility, then it must bear the consequences of the storm that will follow,” he added.

    Mogaji also rejected the federal government’s loan scheme for lecturers, urging members to resist being lured into debt while their withheld salaries and arrears remain unpaid.

    “Pay the outstanding three months of withheld salaries. Honour the agreement you signed. Respect the dignity of those who build and sustain the knowledge economy. We will not be silenced. We will not be enslaved by debt,” he declared.

    The FUTA ASUU chairman further criticized what he described as the “reckless proliferation” of universities, especially private ones without adequate infrastructure or qualified staff.

    “With 339 universities nationwide—72 federal, 108 state, and 159 private—education is now being reduced to roadside shops and political souvenirs,” he said.

    On the plight of retired academics, Mogaji condemned the meagre pensions some receive, as low as N150,000 monthly, calling it “a curse upon the nation’s conscience.”

    He appealed to stakeholders, including the National Assembly, NIREC, NANS, and traditional rulers, to prevail on government and avert another avoidable crisis in the university system.

    “Enough is enough. We are not fooled by empty promises. Any regime that starves its thinkers, enslaves its workers, and abandons its elders will be remembered only with scorn,” Mogaji stated.

  • Sign our agreement to avert strike, UI, EAUE ASUU members tell FG

    Sign our agreement to avert strike, UI, EAUE ASUU members tell FG

    Lecturers under the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) at the University of Ibadan (UI) and Emmanuel Alayande University of Education (EAUE), Oyo, on Tuesday staged a peaceful rally to protest the Federal Government’s delay in signing renegotiated agreements with the union.

    ASUU leaders warned that only the signing of the agreement during the scheduled August 28, 2025, meeting with the government could avert another nationwide strike in public universities.

    UI chapter chairman, Dr. Adefemi Afolabi, joined by the Oyo State Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) chairman, Mr. Kayode Martins, led the protest at UI, while Dr. Michael Bamidele Ojo led members at Emmanuel Alayande University.

    Carrying placards and chanting solidarity songs, the lecturers sensitized members of the university community to the risk of industrial action, accusing the government of reneging on its promises and urging President Bola Tinubu to prioritize the welfare of public university lecturers.

    Addressing journalists at the UI gate, Dr. Afolabi said the federal government had “pushed lecturers to the wall,” warning that patience was running out.

    He said, “There has been inadequate progress in the negotiation between the federal government of Nigeria and the Union in the past 16 years” and this has contributed to low morale and brain drain while the best brains have decided to stay from the profession due to the poor remuneration and conditions of service.”

    He urged “Nigerians – including opinion leaders, religious and traditional authorities, civil society organisations, parents of our valued students and all stakeholders to advocate for the federal to sign the re-negotiated agreement by August 28, 2025. Only through this action can the FG prevent an impending nationwide industrial crisis across university campuses and fulfil the promises made during the election campaign”.

    Reda Also: We are prepared for mother of all strikes – ASUU

    In his own part, the Chairman Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) Emmanuel Alayande University of Education Oyo chapter, Dr Michael Ojo stated that “we can no longer allow the welfare of our members to be subjected to the delay tactics of thie FG.

    “ASUU therefore invites all genuine patriots to prevail on Nigeria’s governments including the university administrations to address all lingering labour issues in the Nigerian University system to avert another looming industrial crisis if the government at all levels fails to address these concerns, ASUU may be forced to take industrial action which could disrupt the academic calendar and have reaching consequences for the university community. 

    “ASUU wish to inform the general public that we can no longer allow the welfare of our members to be subjected to the delay tactics of this Federal government. Together we can work towards a brighter future for our university and the academic community”

    Speaking at the rally, Oyo State NLC chairman Kayode Martins, urged FG to preserve those who lay the golden eggs who are the lecturers in Nigerian universities by signing the agreements and commence implementation without delay.

    According to him, it is sad to hear that politicians are agitating for more pay when professors are poorly remunerated.

    “Those who lay the golden eggs must be preserved, they are the molders and builders of our destinies. Education should be given appropriate attention because that is what drives development in any nation. We are talking of 2009 agreements unimplemented and today, political office holders are agitating for more salaries when professors are less paid. This should not be. We are beckoning on our leaders to save us if indeed they have a mind for the masses”

  • We are prepared for mother of all strikes – ASUU

    We are prepared for mother of all strikes – ASUU

    The Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) says the union is prepared for “mother of all strikes” until their demands regarding the 2009 agreements with the Federal Government are implemented.

    The University of Calabar (Unical) chapter stated this at a news conference on Tuesday in Calabar.

    The chapter’s chairman, Dr Peter Ubi, said it was time for the Federal Government to fulfill the lingering agreements conceived to lift the standard of university education in the country.

    He said the industrial action would begin once the national body declared same after the Aug. 28 meeting.

    Ubi listed the demands to include the re-negotiation of the 2009 agreement, sustainable funding for Nigerian universities, revitalisation of universities.

    The union also demanded for the payment of the outstanding 25-35 per cent wage award and three months’ salary arrears, promotion arrears for over four years, and non-remittance of third-party deductions.

    “The government made promises on these issues, and regrettably, we are here today to inform the Nigerian public that these undisputed issues have not been resolved for several years now.

    “ASUU has tried several ways and strategic of resolving the conflict in the education sector.

    “Unfortunately, government, in its characteristics, has paid deaf ears to our demands and has constantly pushed our union to embark on strike.

    “In this regard, ASUU has to embark on strike to press the Federal Government to do the needful,” he stated.

    Meanwhile, the Unical chapter has called for a halt for the establishment of private universities in the country.

    Commending the government for the halt in establishing federal university, he said extending same to state and private universities would curtail proliferation of universities without standard.

    “We have 72 federal universities, 159 private universities, bringing the total to 339 universities, giving each state and the FCT an average of nine universities, excluding polytechnics and colleges of education.

    Read Also: ASUU: Govt has stretched our patience

    “We are also appealing that the moratorium be extended to private institutions.” he asked

    The News Agency of Nigeria reports that the Federal Government had imposed a seven-year moratorium on the establishment of new federal universities, polytechnics and colleges of education.

    NAN reports that the Federal Government cited the proliferation of under-utilised institutions, overstretched resources, and a drop in academic quality.

    It also reports that the decision was approved at Wednesday’s Federal Executive Council meeting presided over by President Bola Tinubu at the Presidential Villa, Abuja, following a presentation by the Minister of Education, Dr. Tunji Alausa.

    NAN reports that the Federal Executive Council, however, approved nine new universities in spite of the freeze.

    (NAN)

  • ASUU accuses FG of delay tactics, says strike action looms

    ASUU accuses FG of delay tactics, says strike action looms

    The Ibadan Zone of the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) on Monday accused the federal government of deliberately foot-dragging in handling long-standing issues affecting public universities, warning that another round of industrial action may be inevitable if urgent steps are not taken.

    Addressing a press conference at the University of Ibadan ASUU Secretariat in Ibadan, the Zonal Coordinator, Professor Biodun Olaniran, said the relative peace in Nigerian universities in recent months was largely due to the union’s patience and expectation that the government would honour its promises.

    He, however, noted that no meaningful progress had been recorded.

    He said, “We are compelled to address the press—and by extension, the nation—regarding the growing signs of industrial unrest within the Nigerian university system.

    “The relative calm experienced in our universities over the past few months is largely due to our union’s hope that the government would, this time, honour its promises and take decisive steps to resolve the long-standing issues that have plagued the system.

    “The Ibadan Zone of ASUU, in particular, is drawing the attention of Nigerians once again to the urgent need to prevent another avoidable round of industrial crisis in public universities.

    “This looming threat is fueled by the Federal Government’s piecemeal and frustrating handling of unresolved matters affecting the Nigerian Public Universities. While these issues have been thoroughly documented in our numerous press statements over the years, for the purpose of this engagement, we will revisit some of them here with necessary updates.”

    The union highlighted several outstanding demands, including the renegotiation of the 2009 ASUU-FGN Agreement, sustainable funding and revitalisation of universities, restoration of university autonomy, payment of withheld salaries, arrears of promotions, and mainstreaming of Earned Academic Allowance (EAA).

    Olaniran lamented that despite a draft agreement reached in 2021 with the government’s own renegotiation committee, authorities have refused to sign and implement the document. He added that the Alhaji Yayale Ahmed report, submitted in February 2025, which addresses all contentious issues, is also being ignored.

    On funding, ASUU faulted the FG for allocating just 7 percent of the 2025 national budget to education, far below the UNESCO-recommended 15–26 percent, saying, “Our universities are plagued by underfunding, decaying infrastructure, poorly equipped laboratories, and deplorable hostels. None of our public universities rank among the top 1,000 globally.”

    The Ibadan Zone also condemned what it described as the victimisation of ASUU members at Lagos State University (LASU), Kogi State University (KSU), and the Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), where union leaders face trumped-up charges and illegal withholding of salaries.

    On university autonomy, the union decried the unlawful dissolution of governing councils, imposition of political appointees, and the erosion of Senate powers through the National Universities Commission’s centralised curriculum.

    ASUU further demanded the release of the three-and-a-half months’ salaries withheld during the 2022 strike, as well as arrears from the 25–35 percent wage award announced by the government but yet to be implemented.

    Read Also: ASUU warns FG over unresolved university issues

    The union also accused the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS) of fraud, citing unremitted third-party deductions and the non-payment of promotion arrears for over four years in many universities.

    Olaniran, however, urged Nigerians to prevail on the government to act decisively, stressing that lecturers can no longer accept endless delays.

    “We are peace-loving, but we will not continue to watch our members’ welfare sacrificed to the government’s delay tactics. Another crisis in the university system can only be prevented if the Federal Government honours its commitments,” he said.

    The Nation reports that the Ibadan Zone of ASUU comprises the University of Ibadan, University of Ilorin, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osun State University, Kwara State University, and Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo.

  • ASUU warns FG over unresolved university issues

    ASUU warns FG over unresolved university issues

    The Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), Akure Zone, has expressed deep frustration with the federal government over its handling of long-standing challenges in the university system, saying its patience is running out.

    Speaking at a press conference on Monday at the Federal University, Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE), the Zonal Chairman, Prof. Adeola Egbedokun, said several critical issues remain unresolved.

    These include the re-negotiation of the 2009 ASUU-FGN Agreement, sustainable funding for public universities, unchecked establishment of new institutions, retirement benefits for academic staff, and matters relating to TISSF loans and financial obligations.

    Egbedokun noted that the report of the Alhaji Yayale Ahmed-led renegotiation team, submitted to the federal government in February 2025, has yet to be acted upon, leaving academics concerned about the future of the country’s education sector.

    He said, “For more than five long months, the government has treated the report with reckless indifference, a clear betrayal of trust as well as an insult to the principle of collective bargaining. To ignore it is to undermine the very foundation of higher education in this country.

    “While we take note of the government’s planned meeting of August 28, 2025, let it be clear: the clock is ticking, and time is no longer on the federal government’s side. Our patience has been stretched to its breaking point. Trust has been shattered, and only decisive government action can mend it.

    “The NEC has resolved that all options remain on the table. If the government chooses provocation over responsibility, if it continues to play games with the future of our Universities, then it alone must bear the consequences of the storm that will follow. The ball is squarely in the government’s court. Restore trust—now—or brace for the inevitable”, he added.

    The union leader who emphasised the need for adequate funding to revitalise the university system criticised the federal government’s decision to approve new private universities while neglecting the challenges facing existing institutions.

    He also condemned the government’s loan policy for academics, which it said was primarily designed to suffocate academics as well as undermine their cooperative societies.

    “This loan policy is nothing but a crude distraction and a sinister snare. To force academics into a cycle of debt for their survival is not only heartless. It is wicked and contemptuous of the sacrifices we make for this nation.

    “Instead of dangling loans like poisonous bait, the federal government must face its moral and contractual obligations. Pay the outstanding three and a half months of withheld salaries. Honour the agreement you signed. Respect the dignity of those who build and sustain the knowledge economy. We therefore call on our members: shun this deceitful loan scheme. Do not fall into the trap”, he said.

    Read Also: ASUU decries poor retirement package for varsity teachers

    Egbetokun bemoaned the poor treatment of retired academics, who are forced to live on meagre pensions, saying the plight of retired colleagues is not just shameful but a curse upon Nigeria’s conscience.

    He, however, has called on the federal government to take immediate action to address these lingering issues, warning that ASUU’s patience has worn thin and wouldn’t hesitate to take frontal actions.

    The ASUU zonal leader said the Union has resolved to allow the government a brief window to respond to its demands and has slated rallies across campuses tomorrow to signal its determination.

    “These rallies represent our first decisive response to the government’s inaction, a signal of what lies ahead if our concerns continue to be ignored”, he added. 

  • ASUU urges FG to address unresolved demands, warns of looming strike

    ASUU urges FG to address unresolved demands, warns of looming strike

    The Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) has asked the Federal Government to act on its outstanding issues to avert another strike.

    The union said that feelers across campuses indicated that lecturers in Nigerian public universities are not happy.

    In a statement issued on Saturday in Abuja and signed by its President, Prof. Christopher Piwuna, the union warned that morale among lecturers across the country is at an all-time low.

    It accused successive governments of making endless promises through multiple Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) and Memoranda of Action (MoAs) without implementing agreed resolutions.

    According to ASUU, Nigerian lecturers continue to work under dire conditions, teaching on “empty stomachs,” conducting research without access to essential journals, books, chemicals, and reagents, and struggling to meet personal and family obligations amid rising costs.

    The Union lamented that lecturers are forced to engage with communities and agencies in rickety cars while encumbered by utility bills, children’s fees, house rents, family upkeep and a legion of other unmet responsibilities.

    “Yet elite Nigerians are quick to blame the universities for ‘producing unemployable graduates’ and failure to initiate innovative research for addressing the country’s problems. Our members feel forgotten, shamed and demoralised by past and present governments.

    Read Also: Tinubu’s 2027 re-election bid unstoppable- Adekanmbi

    The union accused government officials of disregarding the principles of collective bargaining enshrined in International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions 98 and 154. It noted that the failure to conclude the renegotiation of the 2009 FGN-ASUU Agreement, despite a draft being submitted to the government in December 2024, exemplifies the administration’s lack of commitment.

    ASUU said every major dispute it has had with government since 2012 has been rooted in violations of the agreement’s provisions on conditions of service, funding, university autonomy, and academic freedom, as well as the review of laws governing the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB).

    The statement also condemned what it described as political interference in the appointment of vice chancellors, citing the case of the Acting Vice Chancellor of Alvan Ikoku University of Education, whose promotions, the union claimed, were fraught with irregularities.

    It reads: “Nigerian governments have distracted and deceived university lecturers for too long. They push academics to the point of a strike, and turn around to withhold their salaries…When a government punishes its citizens for demanding what is due to them, can it have any moral claim to democratic culture? Where public officials and bureaucrats have the license to undervalue their country’s intellectual assets will the hope of a knowledge-driven economy not elude the nation?”

    According to ASUU, “For the umpteenth time, ASUU invites all genuine patriots to prevail on Nigeria’s Federal and State Governments to address all lingering labour issues in the Nigerian University System to avert another looming industrial crisis.

    “Nigerian academics are tired of governments’ excuses which have only left them with a long list of Memoranda of Understanding/Memoranda of Action (MoUs/MoAs) – 2013, 2017, 2019, 2020 – and kept them talking over the renegotiation of the 2009 Agreement for upward of eight years! No memorandum or ‘discussion’ can take the place of a Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) which fully addresses staff welfare issues and the requisite environment for productive academic work.”

  • ASUU condemns Benue killings, urges more protection of citizens

    ASUU condemns Benue killings, urges more protection of citizens

    The Academic Staff Union of Universities, Rev. Fr Moses Orshio Adasu University Makurdi (ASUU-MOAUM) chapter, has strongly condemned the recent heinous attack on Yelewata, Guma Local Government Area of Benue.

    The union, in a statement jointly signed by Mr Ali Ako, the Chairperson, and Mr Daniel Chile, Secretary, described the Yelewata attack as one attack too many.

    The duo who urged the government to improve citizens protection expressed concern over violent assaults that have continued to plague numerous communities across the state.

    They decried the continuous loss of innocent lives, wanton destruction of property, and the growing atmosphere of insecurity that threatens the peace and stability of the state.

    “The Yelewata tragedy is yet another painful blow to rural communities whose lives and livelihoods have been upended by these unprovoked acts of violence.

    “It is particularly alarming that these attacks are occurring at the peak of the rainy and farming season, a critical time when Nigerians rely heavily on agriculture for food and economic sustenance.

    “The people of Benue, predominantly farmers, have been driven out of their ancestral lands by armed herders, depriving them of access to their farmlands.

    “This trend poses grave risks to food security not just in Benue, but across the country,” they said.

    ASUU-MOAUM urged both the federal and state governments to live up to their constitutional responsibility of securing the lives and property of all Nigerians, especially those in rural and vulnerable areas.

    They further called on security agencies to act with urgency, diligence, and fairness to prevent further bloodshed.

    “Those responsible for these heinous crimes in Benue State must be tracked down and brought to justice without delay.

    “We express our heartfelt solidarity with the families and communities affected by these attacks, particularly in Yelewata.

    “We equally call for immediate humanitarian support and the implementation of effective resettlement programmes to aid the safe return and rehabilitation of displaced persons.

    “In these trying times, we stand with the good people of Benue State and reaffirm our commitment to justice, peace, and the preservation of human life and dignity.” (NAN)