The Nation Newspaper

Category: Law

  • Court slams N7m on Access Bank for freezing account illegally

    Court slams N7m on Access Bank for freezing account illegally

    The Federal High Court in Lagos has awarded N7 million in damages against Access Bank Plc for breaching the fundamental human rights of a customer, Mrs. Oluwasesan Ifeoluwa Bridget.

    In a judgment delivered yesterday, Justice Ayokunle Faji found that the bank acted unlawfully by placing a Post No Debit (PND) restriction on Bridget’s account without a valid court order.

    According to the court, Access Bank failed to dispute the applicant’s claim that the PND was placed on her account on July 1, 2023, two weeks before the purported court order dated July 16, 2023, was allegedly obtained from a Magistrate Court in Masaka, Nasarawa State.

    Justice Faji held that the prolonged restriction without judicial backing amounted to a violation of Bridget’s constitutional right to property as guaranteed under Section 44(1) of the 1999 Constitution.

    The court further noted that the Certified True Copy (CTC) of the alleged court order was not tendered in evidence, despite being a public document.

    Even if it had been presented, the judge held that the order was addressed to non-juristic persons “Access Bank Ltd” and “Manager Access Bank”, instead of the correct legal entity, Access Bank Plc.

    “The bank, having a legal department, ought to have known that the order was improperly drawn and could not be legally enforced,” the court stated.

    The applicant, who holds account number 0054695391 with Access Bank, discovered on July 1, 2023, that her account had been frozen without notice, leaving her unable to access her funds.

    Repeated visits to the bank yielded no resolution, as staff claimed it was an internal issue.

    In September 2023, Bridget survived an assassination attempt that resulted in severe injuries, including fractured legs and spinal damage.

    She spent over eight months in a wheelchair and was unable to fund her medical treatment due to the frozen account, causing extreme financial and emotional distress.

    Upon partial recovery in September 2024, Bridget resumed efforts to unfreeze her account but met continued delays.

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    In a letter dated October 7, 2024, her legal representatives demanded that the bank lift the restriction, but the bank failed to comply.

    Access Bank argued that the PND was valid, claiming that the Inspector General of Police had obtained a court order on July 16, 2023, against “Access Bank Ltd” and “Manager Access Bank.”

    It further argued that the dispute was not a fundamental rights issue but merely a banker-customer disagreement.

    However, the applicant’s counsel, Farid Giwa, maintained that the order was directed at non-existent entities, was not certified, and could not justify the prior restriction placed on the account.

    Justice Faji agreed with Giwa’s arguments and held that the bank’s actions were unconstitutional and unjustified.

    He awarded N7 million in damages for the violation of her rights.

  • Reimagining the practice of law

    Reimagining the practice of law

    Last week, members of the Lagos Branch of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) were immersed in multiple activities, during which legal giants and experts examined the theme: “Reimagining the practice of law: Ethics, innovation and the future of legal services – Let’s be lawyers again.” Members also took an ethical oath. Deputy News Editor JOSEPH JIBUEZE and UDEH ONYEBUCHI were there.

    “ Are we merely lawyers trying to earn our fee and willing to damn any scruple in how we do so?

    “Or are we conscientious and mindful of our role as the bastions of justice and social engineers?”

    With these posers, Olabisi Makanjuola, Lagos Branch Chairman of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), set the tone for discussions at the branch’s 2025 Annual Law Conference.

    He raised other pertinent questions that capture the state of affairs in the legal profession, what needs to change, and the innovations that must be embraced.

    He asked: “Do we use the law as a means of oppression to shackle the poor and defenceless, or do we use it to fight for the downtrodden, not minding whose ox is gored?

    “Is our judicial system truly a catalyst for economic investment or an impediment?

    “How do international actors view our legal system?

    “Is Nigeria truly ready to be a hub for the resolution of commercial disputes, be it through litigation, arbitration and other forms of ADR?

    “How invested are we in the use of technology to boost our practice?”

    Held at the Muson Centre, the conference had the theme: “Reimagining the practice of law: Ethics, innovation and the future of legal services. (Let’s be Lawyers again).”

    In the end, lawyers left with a renewed commitment to be the change they desire.

    Declaring an ethical oath, they vowed “to uphold and preserve the honour, dignity, and nobility of the legal profession” at all times.

    An insightful opening ceremony, which featured a keynote address by the President of the Law Society of England & Wales, Richard Atkinson, KC, was followed by four panel sessions on Monday and three on Tuesday.

    The panellists comprised a galaxy of legal and other experts.

    An Ethical Icon Award was presented to Life Bencher and former Lagos Attorney-General and Commissioner for Justice, Mrs. Hairat Balogun, for her exemplary conduct and professionalism.

    “She is a stickler for family values and punctuality to all occasions and is permanently averse to rudeness and laziness,” stated her citation.

    On Wednesday, there were thematic masterclasses – intensive workshops that provided advanced insights and practical skills across specialised legal fields.

    These included data protection, fashion law, blue economy, entertainment, sports law, renewable energy and green finance.

    Thursday featured a regulatory clinic and policy dialogues – a walk-in advisory clinic for lawyers to engage directly with ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) in charge of compliance, licensing, and dispute resolution.

    The agencies included the Lagos State Lands Bureau, Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC), Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC), Lagos State Judiciary (Probate Section) and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

    Another highlight was the Hard Talk – a candid one-on-one interview with the Chief Judge of Lagos State on judicial efficiency, access to justice, and institutional accountability.

    The week ended with the In-House & Government Counsel Forum and the Young Lawyers Forum.

    The keynote

    Atkinson noted that Artificial Intelligence and digital tools are essential in modern legal practice, but said there should not be an overreliance on technology at the expense of human judgment.

    According to him, new ways of working are creating new ethical challenges regarding data protection and confidentiality.

    AI, he stressed, offers benefits but comes with risks and challenges.

    “We need to ensure safeguards because AI does not absolve lawyers of responsibilities,” he cautioned.

    “Technology should be a tool, not a substitute.

    “The critical thinking and professional discretion of a lawyer must remain at the heart of our work.”

    Importance of ethics, by Pedro

    Lagos Attorney-General Lawal Pedro (SAN) stressed that lawyers are custodians of the rule of law and guardians of justice.

    Ethics, he said, remains the moral compass of legal practice.

    According to him, ethical practice and conduct build trust in the legal system and profession and ensure that legal proceedings are fair and just, protecting the rights of all individuals involved.

    Pedro quoted Chief FRA Williams, who once said: “The legal profession survives only to the extent that it is trusted. And it is trusted only to the extent that it is honourable.”

    Pedro believes the call to “be lawyers again” is “a call to anchor our practice in integrity, empathy, and service, no matter how much technology reshapes our methods”.

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    He urged senior lawyers to see themselves as nation-builders beyond briefs and fees.

    “The call to ‘be lawyers again’ is a summons to leadership – ethical, informed, courageous leadership,” he said.

    Osigwe: we must deepen our values

    For NBA President Mazi Afam Osigwe (SAN), it is easy for lawyers to lose sight of who they are and what they represent as legal professionals in an age defined by rapid technological shifts, economic uncertainties, and evolving client expectations.

    He said: “This theme is not just timely, it is necessary. Yes, we must innovate. Yes, we must explore new frontiers in legal practice.

    “But we must also return to the bedrock of our profession, integrity, ethics, and commitment to justice. It is not enough to expand our skills; we must deepen our values.

    “‘Let’s be lawyers again’ is a challenge to every one of us to uphold the Rules of Professional Conduct and comply with the 2025 Mandatory Continuing Professional Development (MCPD) Rules, not as obligations, but as commitments to excellence and public trust.

    “The future of law will be shaped not just by how much we adopt new tools, but by how faithfully we preserve the ethical compass that distinguishes our profession. Innovation must walk hand in hand with conscience.

    “I commend the Lagos Branch for curating a law week that dares us to reflect, reimagine, and recommit to the ideals that make law not just a profession, but a calling.

    “Let’s lead with courage. Let’s evolve with purpose. Let’s be lawyers again.”

    We must be guardians of justice, says CJ

    Admin Judge of the Lagos High Court, Justice Atinuke Ipaye, who represented the Chief Judge of Lagos, Kazeem Alogba, said the theme is “a call to rethink our methods and recommit to the true spirit of legal practice, which is the provision of qualitative service while still upholding integrity and justice”.

    She recalled that for decades, legal practice in Nigeria commanded enormous respect.

    Then, people were intimidated by the awe of the Bench.

    The chambers of law were sanctuaries of wisdom and learning.

    Judges’ chambers exuded an aura of quiet majesty, dignity, power and integrity.

    All that, she said, is fast changing.

    “What do we see today? A growing erosion of that sacred trust. Sharp practices abound.

    “Lawyers file applications not to advance the cause of justice but for the purposes of delay.

    “The legal profession, once seen as a calling, is now seen as a transactional business.

    “Don’t let us talk about corrupt practices that have stained the Bar and the Bench.

    “Judiciary bashing is now the preferred pastime of even some lawyers. Court orders are disobeyed with impunity.

    “The phrase that the judiciary is the last hope of the common man has become a tired slogan. Nobody believes it again.”

    On how to restore the lost glory, Justice Ipaye said: “If we’re to reclaim our dignity, we must begin with a return to our ethical foundations. Legal professional is highly regulated. Let’s be lawyers again.

    “A 21st-century lawyer must be versatile, must be a problem-solver, a dispute resolver, and a person who thinks outside the box.

    “Lawyers should not be dictated to by their clients. They cannot dance to the tunes of their clients simply because the client pulls the purse strings.

    “Lawyers must not become contractors for political interests, nor manipulators of the legal process. We must remain the guardians of justice.”

    Agbakoba to judges: take charge

    A former NBA President, Dr. Olisa Agbakoba (SAN), who chaired the first panel session, urged judges to take charge of their courts.

    “Sometimes SANs are blamed, but they don’t control the courts,” he said.

    He added: “At the level of the Bar, we should be able to police ourselves. How many of us correct others?

    “What goes somewhere is only when there is a statutory cane.

    “You need a regulatory process that says: if you misbehave, your licence will be withdrawn. You will see people behave.”

    EFCC chair raises alarm

    The plenary sessions continued on Tuesday, drawing prominent legal minds and creating a platform for candid conversations around professionalism, systemic failings, and the future of legal services.

    The tone of urgency and responsibility was established from the first session, with the theme: “Restoring public trust in the legal profession.”

    Chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Mr. Ola Olukoyede, painted a sobering picture of the growing chasm between the legal profession and the society it purports to serve.

    “There was a time when the legal profession inspired admiration. Lawyers were seen as defenders of justice and guardians of the public good.

    “But increasingly, that perception is giving way to scepticism and disillusionment, driven by concerns about fairness, ethics, and transparency,” Olukoyede said.

    He lamented that procedural delays in corruption cases and ethical lapses by a few have cast long shadows on the entire profession.

    “Justice delayed is justice denied. When charges are thrown out, or cases are prolonged unnecessarily, it erodes public confidence in the judiciary,” he said.

    Olukoyede also criticised a rising culture of legal manoeuvring over substantive justice.

    “We must reject the win-at-all-cost mentality.

    “The legal profession cannot afford to be seen as a tool for manipulation.

    “The future of law depends on what we do today,” he concluded.

    Why there is distrust, by ex-ICPC chair

    Former Chairman of the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC), Prof. Bolaji Owasanoye (SAN), expressed concern over lawyers being used to undermine democracy.

    “The question we must ask is: are lawyers today perceived as defenders of democracy or as enablers of injustice?” Owasanoye asked.

    According to him, public distrust is rooted not only in individual misconduct but in systemic failures.

    He referenced reports by the Legal Practitioners Disciplinary Committee (LPDC) detailing infractions such as client fund mismanagement, solicitation, and abuse of office.

    “These aren’t trivial breaches. They feed the narrative that the legal profession is losing its moral compass,” he said.

    Prof. Foluke Dada-Lawanson, a legal educator, directed attention to a fundamental cause of the ethical decline: legal education.

    “There is something broken in our legal education system,” she said.

    “We need to mandate the teaching of legal ethics from university to law school, and ensure that only those with genuine passion and integrity are allowed to teach future lawyers.”

    She urged law firms to incorporate internal ethics policies and create confidential reporting channels, adding: “Ethics training should be a compulsory part of continuing legal education.

    “The rules of professional conduct must not be forgotten documents.”

    During the second plenary session focused on “Professionalism, profitability and ethical balance in legal practice,” speakers explored the tension between law as a business and law as a public trust.

    Chair of the Association of Lawyers of the Royal League of Laws, Mr. Aderemi Oguntoye (SAN), said: “Law firms are under pressure to perform financially, but that must not come at the cost of ethical integrity.

    “Professionalism and profitability are not mutually exclusive—they are intertwined.”

    Echoing this, Senior Partner, Mitullah, Shako & Associates, Ms. Florence Shako, emphasised financial transparency with clients and managing expectations.

    “Tell your clients what to expect, both in process and cost. Be clear, be honest. Trust begins with communication,” she said.

    Mrs. Oladoyin Onanuga, Partner at CLP Legal, stressed that reputation outweighs short-term gains.

    “No amount of money is worth your licence. Ethical lapses may bring short-term rewards, but they destroy long-term credibility,” she warned.

    Imperative of technology, image, communication

    Technology featured prominently in several discussions.

    Speakers called on lawyers to embrace digital transformation—e-filing, AI research tools, and paperless hearings—as essential for efficiency.

    However, caution was advised.

    “We must master technology but not let it master us,” said Onanuga, who also highlighted data privacy concerns and the misuse of AI-generated legal content.

    “Citing cases that never existed is not just embarrassing—it’s unethical.”

    The third panel, “Client relations, image and communication,” focused on public perception, emotional intelligence, and brand-building in legal practice.

    Group CEO of RED|For Africa, Mr. Ademobola Williams, underscored the power of image and effective communication.

    “Your image is your first argument. In the digital age, your online presence, tone, and consistency are your credibility check,” he said.

    He urged lawyers to adopt a “trust economy” approach—where success is measured not just by cases won, but by relationships built and sustained through empathy, responsiveness, and clear communication.

    Supporting this, Chinasa Unaegbunam (SAN) emphasised emotional intelligence in client interactions.

    “Know your clients. Anticipate their needs. It’s not just about skill, it’s about building trust and delivering value over time,” she noted.

    A former Chairman of the branch, Chukwuka Ikwuazom (SAN), stressed the importance of both internal and external communication.

    “If your internal team doesn’t understand the values of your practice, how can they represent it externally?” he asked.

    Our achievements, by Makanjuola

    Outgoing chairman Makanjuola used the occasion to highlight some key achievements of his administration.

    He said: “We set out to elevate standards in the Bar. I would like to think that we have done a modest job of what we set out to do.

    “Through our different standing and ad-hoc committees and initiatives, we have sought to be truly premier, not just in nomenclature but in blazing the trail for others to follow.

    “For instance, we are the first Branch to be NDPR audit compliant, as certified by the Nigerian Data Protection Commission, a testament to our commitment to upholding the highest standards of compliance across board.

    “We collaborated with the UK law firm of Stephenson Hardwood LLP to have the first ever international exchange programme for one of our members who underwent a one-month placement in their London office and returned to share his learnings from his experience.

    “We partnered with Uber to give members registered with the app discounts on rides to places of interest for lawyers, such as the Courts and regulatory offices.

    “Members of our branch can now apply for letters of good standing from the comfort of their homes and offices via our members’ portal.

    “This is against the backdrop that we were also the first branch to introduce digital payment of branch dues.”

    The ethical oath declaration

    All members present declared to an ethical oath anchored by the Chair of the Convention of Business Integrity, Mr. Soji Apampa.

    They recited in unison: “I (full name) do solemnly affirm, as a member of the Nigerian Bar Association, Lagos Branch, that I shall at all times uphold and preserve the honour, dignity, and nobility of the legal profession;

    “That I shall discharge my professional duties with unwavering integrity, competence, and fidelity to the law; that I shall serve my clients conscientiously and impartially—without fear, favour, affection, or ill-will—and in full observance of the law and the rules of professional conduct;

    “That I shall respect the authority and independence of the courts, and relate with my colleagues in the spirit of candour, civility, and mutual respect;

    “That I shall renounce and oppose all forms of corruption, abuse, and misconduct that threaten the administration of justice;

    “That I shall embrace innovation with responsibility, ensuring that technological advancement strengthens—rather than diminishes—the ethical foundations of our practice;

    “That I shall commit to continual learning, and contribute meaningfully to the development of the legal profession and the mentorship of those who follow after me;

    “And that in all my professional engagements, I shall strive not merely to practise law, but to exemplify what it means to truly be a lawyer. So help me God.”

  • Nigeria’s legal tech startup goes fully agentic, pioneers smarter legal systems for Africa

    Nigeria’s legal tech startup goes fully agentic, pioneers smarter legal systems for Africa

    A Nigerian legal technology platform Modulaw.AI, is making headlines ahead of its public debut, as it announces a major upgrade that could reshape the future of legal practice across the continent. 

    The platform, known for its bold vision to modernise legal research and case management, has now gone fully agentic; introducing autonomous AI systems that function like a digital legal associate.

    With this advancement, the brand moves beyond conventional legal bots by deploying AI agents capable of handling complex legal reasoning, multi-step research, deep analysis and intelligent task automation. The system is designed to think and act independently, adapting to the real-time needs of lawyers and legal professionals.

    “Our systems can now think and act; researching, scheduling, and managing legal tasks with growing autonomy,” said Charles Oseghale, Chief Operating Officer of Modulaw.AI. “This marks a significant milestone in our journey to build intelligent legal infrastructure tailored for Africa.”

    Currently, the platform’s case manager is live, allowing users to track and organise legal matters efficiently. Additional features, including a built-in calendar and a drafting agent capable of producing first-draft legal documents, are nearing completion and expected to go live in the coming weeks.

    Though still in limited release, early access firms, legal teams and students are already exploring its capabilities. Observers say the technology could drive unprecedented improvements in legal productivity, access, and accuracy; redefining how legal services are delivered across Nigeria and Africa at large.

  • Lagos arraigns two lawyers, developer over alleged forgery, demolition

    Lagos arraigns two lawyers, developer over alleged forgery, demolition

    The Lagos State Government has arraigned two lawyers –  Ademola Owolabi and Adebayo Akeju –  along with a real estate developer – Alex Ochonogor – at the State High Court in Tafawa Balewa Square over alleged conspiracy, forgery, and willful destruction of property.

    The defendants pleaded not guilty before Justice Serifat Sonaike on a five-count charge numbered LD/23611C/2024.

     They were also granted bail.

    The counts border on conspiracy to commit forgery, forgery of official documents, and unlawful demolition of residential property in Lekki.

    Director of Public Prosecution (DPP), Dr. Babajide Martins, alleged that the defendants conspired to forge an affidavit of loss and a demolition notice purportedly issued by the Lagos State Lands Bureau.

    The documents were allegedly used to falsely claim that a Certificate of Occupancy originally issued to one Hamza Al-Mustapha was missing.

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    The prosecution claimed that the defendants forged a memorandum of loss and willfully demolished a bungalow located at Plot 10, Block 133, Lekki Peninsula Residential Scheme 1 — a property said to belong to Dr. Obidigwe Eze, a Nigerian living abroad.

    The alleged offences, which occurred in 2015, contravene Sections 411, 361(1), and 350 of the Lagos State Criminal Law, 2015.

    After pleading not guilty, the DPP requested a trial date, but defence counsel Dr. Abiodun Layonu (SAN), M.A. Bashua (SAN) and  Tony Ejere asked for bail on liberal terms as their clients are respectable Nigerians who would not jump bail.

    Justice Sonaike granted Owolabi and Akeju bail on self-recognisance, with the condition that they each deposit: “A N5 million bail bond within 14 days; their Call to Bar certificates with the court registrar within the same period, and an affidavit of compliance within 21 days.”

    The court also granted Ochonogor bail for N10 million, with two sureties in like sum who must present affidavits of means, and provide three years’ tax clearance certificates issued by the Lagos State Government.

    Justice Sonaike adjourned until October 13 for trial.

  • The story of Abacha’s treasury plundering

    The story of Abacha’s treasury plundering

    The widow of the late General Sani Abacha, Maryam, attempted to deny that her late husband stole from the country. Assistant Editor ERIC IKHILAE presents facts to establish the contrary.

    The former First Lady and widow of the late General Sani Abacha, Maryam, recently made a futile effort in attempting to deodorise the image of her late husband.

    Mrs. Abacha had, in an interview, argued against the established fact that her late husband, who presided over the affairs of the Federal Republic of Nigeria between November 17, 1993, and June 8, 1998, stole the country blind.

    She claimed that the late military ruler never stole public funds, but rather saved money for the country, which, she further claimed, mysteriously vanished shortly after he died in 1998.

    Mrs. Abacha was quoted to have said: “Who is the witness of the monies that were being stashed away? Did you see the signature or the evidence of any monies stashed abroad?

    “And, the monies that my husband kept for Nigeria, in a few months, the monies vanished. People are not talking about that.”

    She berated Nigerians for believing that her late husband stole public funds and said that “because Nigerians are fools, they listen to everything.”

    The ex-First Lady contended that the consistent vilification of her late husband was rooted in prejudice and political scapegoating.

    “Why are you blaming somebody? Is that tribalism or a religious problem, or what is the problem with Nigerians?

    “I pray for Nigerians. I pray for all of us. I pray that we have goodness in our hearts. We should stop telling lies and blaming people,” she said.

    Mrs. Abacha tasked the media to uphold its responsibility to educate and inform the public rather than propagate damaging narratives.

    She said: “I think the press should try, the press, you, the press, should try to educate the people. You are here to help the country.

    “You are not here to bastardise people. People are not that bad. Twenty-seven years ago, and you are still talking about Abacha. He must be very powerful and loved by Nigerians. We thank God for that.”

    The immediate past President Muhammadu Buhari made a similar attempt in 2008 when, at an event marking the 10th anniversary of Abacha’s death, he claimed that Abacha was not a thief.

    Confronted with evidence and unable to accept the fact, a member of Buhari’s inner circle and immediate past Attorney-General of the Federation (AGF), Abubakar Malami (SAN), found it difficult to apply the phrase – Abacha loots – while in office.

    Malami, at every occasion – either when speaking on the issue or receiving successfully repatriated Abacha loots – resorted to deploying his creation – “Abacha assets”.

    To many, the contention that Abacha did not steal public funds fly in the face of available facts, unearthed by investigators and affirmed by courts in decisions rendered in many jurisdictions, including Switzerland.

    The evidence

    A Swiss lawyer, Enrico Monfrini, engaged by the Olusegun Obasanjo administration to trace and retrieve stolen public funds hidden in many countries by the late Abacha, members of his family and associates, presented facts that rubbished the latest attempt by Mrs. Abacha, in an article he wrote.

    In the article titled: “The Abacha Case,” published in a book titled: “Recovering Stolen Assets,” Monfrini gave details of how the Abacha loots were identified and efforts deployed to have them returned to Nigeria.

    He noted, among others, that although “Nigeria had long been plagued by corruption, under General Sani Abacha, corrupt practices became blatant and systematic”.

    He adds: “Funds were removed in cash from the Central Bank, sometimes by the truck-load, and taken out of the country by members of the Abacha family and their associates.”

    How state’s funds were looted

    In a January 2021 interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Monfrini noted that “one of the methods allegedly deployed by Abacha to fleece the country “was particularly brazen.”

    According to him, “Abacha would tell an adviser to make a request to him for money for a vague security issue.

    “He then signed off the request, which the adviser would then take to the Central Bank, which would hand out the money, often in cash.”

    Monfrini added that the said aide would then take most of the loot to Abacha’s house – with some taken in dollar notes by the truckload.

    He added that other methods ranged from awarding state contracts to friends at highly inflated prices and then pocketing the difference, and demanding that foreign companies pay huge kickbacks to operate in the country.

    Monfrini stated that although many were aware, at the time, of the exceptional level of corruption of the Abacha regime, “the full extent of the practice and the modus operandi of those crimes were only revealed to the general public after the end of the regime and the investigations that followed.”

    How the loots were discovered

    On 23 July 1998, General Abdulsalami Abubakar (who succeeded Abacha) set up a Special Investigation Panel (SIP) tasked with investigating the looting and corruption that took place during the Abacha era.

    The SIP had as its Chairman Peter Gana, who was serving in the Special Fraud Unit (SFU) of the Nigerian Police Force (NPF) and was then a Deputy Commissioner.

    The SIP published a preliminary report in November 1998, which focused on the crimes for which evidence could be found in Nigeria, notably the systematic pillage of the Central Bank of Nigeria.

    According to the SIP’s report, Abacha would direct his National Security Adviser (NSA)  to present to him funding requests for security operations or equipment, which he had the power to authorise.

    The report added that in most cases, the funds were directly remitted in cash in millions of United States dollars and British pounds by the Central Bank of Nigeria to the adviser, who then handed the cash to Abacha, whose family members and associates transferred the funds offshore.

    During the first stages of the SIP investigation, a large quantity of assets and cash were seized in Nigeria or returned to the Nigerian authorities. Other illegally acquired assets were also identified.

    In order to give a legal backing to the forfeiture of the assets, General Abubakar issued the Forfeiture of Assets, Etc (Certain Persons) Decree No. 53 of 26 May 1999.

    The decree ordered the return to the Federal Republic of Nigeria, real property and movable assets, as well as cash, that had been acquired and held illegally by General Abacha, certain members of his government, certain members of his family and other third parties.

    On assuming office, President Obasanjo (who succeeded General Abubakar) engaged Monfrini, who worked with the SIP report to unravel the magnitude of the Abacha loot.

    With the report, Monfrini approached the Swiss Attorney General, whose efforts yielded a breakthrough after the lawyer successfully argued that the Abacha family and its associates formed a criminal organisation that almost stole Nigeria blind.

    The Swiss Attorney-General subsequently issued a general alert to all the banks in Switzerland, demanding that they disclose the existence of any accounts opened under the Abachas’ names and aliases.

    Monfrini states: “In 48 hours, 95 per cent of the banks and other financial institutions declared what they had, which seemed to belong to the family.

    “Banks would deliver documents to the prosecutor in Geneva, and I would do the job of the prosecutor because he didn’t have time to do it,” he said.

    The lawyer added that a few bank details served as clues as to where that money was stashed, noting that “the documents, showing the history of the accounts, gave me a few links to other accounts.”

    According to him, Swiss banks uncovered a web of bank accounts all over the world.

    He said: “We would find out on each account exactly where the money came from and/or where the money went to.

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    “Showing the ins and outs of these bank accounts gave me further information regarding other payments received from other countries and sent to other countries.

    “So it was like a snowball. It started with a few accounts, and then a large number of accounts, which in turn created a snowball effect, indicating a huge international operation.

    “Bank accounts and the documents that go with them talk a lot. We had so much proof of different money being sent here and there, Bahamas, Nassau, Cayman Islands – you name it,” Monfrini said.

    The size of the loot

    No one has been able to successfully ascertain the actual amount that constituted the Abacha loot.

    However, Nigeria is reported to have, since Abacha’s death, received about $3.61 billion so far from funds allegedly looted under the regime he headed.

    According to Transparency International (TI), the military ruler stole as much as $ 5 billion during his time in office.

    TI, however, put the total amount recovered since the death of the late military dictator at $3.65billion as of 2022.

    Monfrini said that as of 2018, Switzerland returned more than $1 billion to Nigeria, claiming that the late dictator diverted over four to five billion dollars at the initial stage.

    He stated that in 2008, the $508million found in the Abacha family’s many Swiss bank accounts was sent from Switzerland to Nigeria between 2005 and 2007.

    Monfrini added that he is still expecting $30million, which is sitting in the UK to be returned, along with $144million in France and a further $18million in Jersey.

    Timelines of Abacha loot’s recovery

    Nigeria has, since 1999, been recovering what many have described as the endless Abacha loot.

    During the Abdulsalami era in 1999, $750 million was recovered.

    Under the Obasanjo administration, $1.2 billion was recovered in 2002; $149 million from Jersey Island, UK in 2003; $500 million was recovered in 2004 from Switzerland, and another $458 million was recovered in 2005 from Switzerland.

    During the Goodluck Jonathan administration, $1 billion was recovered in 2012 and $380 million in 2015, both tranches from Switzerland.

    The Jonathan administration also recovered $227 million from Liechtenstein in 2014 and $48 million from the United States the same year.

    The Buhari Administration recovered $322 million from Switzerland in 2017 and $311 million from Jersey Island, United Kingdom, in February 2020

    In August 2022, the Federal Government signed a fresh agreement with the U.S. government for the return of over $23 million looted by Abacha.

    In November 2023, France announced its intention to return $150million, part of the Abacha loot.

    France’s Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs, Mrs Catherine Colonna, said in Abuja that the funds were found to have been looted by Abacha.

    She said: “I also informed President (Bola) Tinubu that, in response to the request submitted by the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Justice and in agreement with the US Administration, France will return to Nigeria the assets stolen from the Nigerian people by General Sani Abacha and his family that have been frozen in France since 2021.

    “We will start discussions with the Nigerian administration in order to allocate these 150m US dollars to development projects benefiting the population, according to the priorities of the Nigerian government.”

    Monfrini, in concluding his article in the book: “Recovering Stolen Assets”, said: “In many regards, the Abacha case deserves to be considered a ‘success story,’ not only because of the amounts recovered so far ($2billion, of which $1.2billion internationally), but because the recoveries were obtained through the mutual co-operation of prosecutors,examining magistrates and police in several jurisdictions.”

  • Ex-Appeal Court Justice seeks more investment in sports

    Ex-Appeal Court Justice seeks more investment in sports

    A former Justice of the Court of Appeal, Justice Dotun Adefope-Okojie (rtd), has called for more private sector participation in sports.

    She spoke at the Major-General Henry Adefope Inter-School Athletics Competition for junior secondary students organised by the Henry and Dorothy Adefope Foundation for Sports and Youth Development (HEDA).

    The event, held at Oregun Junior High School in Ikeja, featured 10 participating public schools and was aimed at reviving athletics among young students while creating sustainable structures to identify and nurture talent.

    The foundation, led by Justice Adefope-Okojie, daughter of the late sports administrator and IOC member Maj. Gen. Henry Adefope, said the competition is the first step in a long-term commitment to grassroots sports in public schools.

    Speaking at the opening, Justice Adefope-Okojie emphasised the urgent need for private-sector involvement in youth sports.

    She said: “Sports should be in the hands of private organisations who should be encouraged to take it on.”

    She criticised the current model, which relies heavily on government-led, one-off initiatives, often plagued by inconsistent funding and limited follow-up.

    “The idea is to establish a permanent sporting structure. There should be continuity, not scrambling for sponsorship only when competitions come up. Many students don’t realise sports can be a real career path. We want to change that,” she said.

    The Lagos State Director of School Sports, Dr. Oluyomi Oluwasanmi, expressed strong support for HEDA’s mission and reiterated the need for collaboration between government and private stakeholders.

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    “Government cannot do it alone. Sports, like health and education, compete for limited resources. That is why we are calling on organisations like HEDA to help us build these children from the ground up,” she said.

    She also stressed the importance of combining education and sports, warning that athletes need fallback skills after retirement.

    “An educated athlete is not just skilled on the field but also prepared for life after competition,” she noted.

    At the end of a competitive day featuring 100m and 200m sprints, and relays, Omole Junior High School emerged as overall winners. Oregun Junior High School came second, while Opebi Junior High School secured third place.

    Other participating schools included Ikeja Junior High School, Oke-Ira Junior Grammar School, Community Junior High School, Army Children’s Junior School, and Agidingbi Junior Grammar School.

    Athletes showed promising performances, with several talent scouts in attendance praising the level of competition.

    The Adefope Foundation was incorporated in 2011 in honour of Maj. Gen. Adefope, a former Federal Commissioner for Youth and Sports, and one of Nigeria’s most respected international sports diplomats.

    The foundation aims to promote youth development through sports, especially among students in public and private schools.

    “Daddy was a man of integrity who believed in service. This foundation is our way of continuing his work, not for personal gain, but to give back to a country he served,” Justice Adefope-Okojie said.

  • Wanted: Legal framework against torture

    Wanted: Legal framework against torture

    How well has Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) fared 10 years after? This was the subject of discourse by players in criminal justice administration at a two-day summit held in Ibadan, reports ADEBISI ONANUGA

    The Members of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), Western Zone, gathered in Ibadan to review the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) 2015.

    The two-day summit at the Aare Afe Babalola Bar Centre had the theme: Human rights, law enforcement and the administration of criminal justice.

    It had in attendance the Second Vice President of the NBA, Mrs. Bolatumi Animashaun (who is the Alternate Chair of the NBA Human Rights Institute) in collaboration with the vice chairs of the NBA Branches in the Western Zone comprising Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ondo, Ekiti, Edo and Delta States, with support from the Centre for Socio-Legal Studies and Juritrust Centre for Socio-Legal Studies and Documentation.

    The summit was also attended by magistrates and judges from Oyo and Lagos State, NBA President Mazi Afam Osigwe (SAN), anti-graft agencies and other experts.

    Curb illegal detention, torture of suspects

    The summit was of the belief that addressing human rights requires a multi-faceted approach that includes strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, and ensuring accountability.

    It was also part of the conclusion of the stakeholders that investigators, prosecutors, defence counsels, and Judges are all part of the criminal justice system.

    They, however, regretted that investigative and prosecutorial capacity and capabilities of law enforcement agencies are encumbered by several factors ranging from tolerance of ill-gotten wealth, corruption, budgetary constraints, and environmental factors.

    They were in agreement that the standard operation procedure which would be developed from the roundtable discussion would  curb illegal detention of suspects, torture during the taking of confessional statement, delays in criminal cases, ineffective of ACJMCs which poses a significant threat to societies, impacting economic growth, social trust, and democratic institutions.

    While direct economic costs are well-known, the indirect consequences like reduced investment and increased inequality can be even more detrimental.

    Reform Criminal Justice Administration

    The summit agreed on the need to synergise efforts in implementing ACJA to ensure its proper implementation  through the Administration of Criminal Justice Monitoring Committee (ACJMC) which is a body empowered to monitor, coordinate and strengthen collaboration between stakeholders to create harmony in the Nigerian criminal justice system.

    Participants at the summit also charged ACJMCs to improve their data collecting mechanisms.

    AGs to provide electronic records of arrests

    Attorneys-General were mandated to make provisions for electronic records of arrests in their States to reduce indiscriminate arrests and unnecessary prosecution that waste tax payers’ monies.

    NBA to demand implementation of ACJA

    Every Branch of the Nigerian Bar Association should reach out to their State’s Attorney-General to make certain demands for the implementation of the provisions of the ACJA.

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    States to take a cue from LCIS, ACJL 2021

    Lagos Criminal Information System, the Judiciary Information System, the New ACJL (2021) which has created the criminal justice reform polity, virtual hearing and other mechanisms must be improved and deployed to other States

    Case diaries for remand orders

    The judiciary should have a separate case diary for remand orders to trace the end dates given and if there is no cogent reason for remanding the suspect the suspect should be released unconditionally.

    Technology to ease justice dispensation

     It advised on e-filling, e-service, and technological innovations geared towards speedy dispensation of justice should be used effectively.

    Liaison officers to trace case files at police stations

    Duplication of case files should not be left with the police, the office of the Attorneys’ General should have a liaison officer at the police formation to duplicate case files.

    Deploy non-custodial sentences for petty offenders

    Judges and magistrates should use the non-custodial sentences provisions to reduce those coming into the prison e.g petty offenders.

    Parole system suggested

     Magistrates, Judges encouraged on effective use of parole boards.

    States Correctional facilities suggested

    State Government should have powers to establish correctional facilities .

    Magistrates be allowed to try cases ex-parte S. 293 of the ACJA allows the Magistrate who has jurisdiction to try a case ex-parte.  Hence magistrates should not use remand to keep suspect in detention perpetually.

    The summit  said if S. 34 of the ACJA (2015) is enforced, nobody would be detained illegally in Nigeria

    Visits to Correctional facilities

    The summit urged the NBA President to start visiting Correctional Facilities and Police Stations

    “Lawyers must be deployed to every police station to empower the police to meet up with the requirements of the law according to S. 66(3) of the Police Act which provides that every police station shall have a lawyer to monitor human rights compliance.

    Enforce Section 34 of ACJL

    The summit stressed proper enforcement of Section 34 of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) 2015, which requires Chief Magistrates and Judges to carry out monthly inspections to detention facilities to combat arbitrary arrests, torture, and prolonged detention must be encouraged by the NBA and where possible NBA should accompany visiting magistrates and judges.

    NBA tasked on police station visits

    The Nigerian Bar Association through their respective Branch Human Rights Committee must ensure that Chief Magistrates and Judges conduct visits to police stations and other detention facilities.

    Do more pro-bono work, cases

    Lawyers, the summit said, must fight for the cause of humanity, redirect and reshape the society by doing more pro bono work and undertaking public interest litigation.

    Embrace restorative justice

    The summit advised each State should set up a restorative justice Unit to addresses petty crimes with penalties such as returning stolen items and community work or service in order to decongest prisons.

    Amend professional conduct rules

    The  stakeholders advised on the need for amendment of the Rules of Professional Conduct to promote ethical adherence to ACJA provisions.

    Sanction judicial officers for unjust remand

    Other suggestions made at the Summit include sanctioning of Judicial Officers who unjustly remand defendants for offences that are bailable or minor.

    Adopt Edo’s bail model

    The summit of the stakeholders advised on the need for the  adoption of an effective bail practices, while recommending Edo State’s model for replication in other jurisdictions.

    Establish professional sureties

    It advised on establishment and regulation of registered professional sureties, including clear accountability mechanisms.

    Harps on community service

    The summit  urged for implementation of more non-custodial sentencing options, such as community service, particularly for lesser offences.

    Proof of evidence

    The summit of stakeholders called for mandatory provision of proof of evidence at arraignment, to curb frivolous charges and ensure speedy trials.

    They also called for deployment of Ministry of Justice officers to review police case files and prevent the prosecution of innocent persons.

    Increased funding

    They also called for  increased government funding for judicial logistics, including magistrate mobility and prison visitations.

    They sought more legal education and awareness, with lawyers tasked to inform and educate defendants about their rights.

    Other suggestions include:

    *Strengthening of the ACJMC’s Role, with emphasis on monitoring implementation and reporting compliance across states.

    *There should be codification of legal advice into law.

    * The Judicial Information System (JIS) should be improved to give lawyers more opportunity to have access to the system.

    *The Lagos Criminal Information System should be remodified.

    *Lawyers should be encouraged to file as much as possible Judicial Review Application to the Court to further improve the law.

    * Improve funding of police stations to get proper gadget in order to be able to comply with the provision that mandates video recording of confessional statement, whether they be in writing or oral.

    * Improve manpower & human resources for Law Enforcement and the Judiciary

    * Provision of fund to transfer files, charges, legal advice and information to Court.

    * Request for video conferencing room for the purpose of taking issues relating to confessional statement of suspects.

    * Each police station must employ two lawyers to further check activities.

    *There should be practice direction on release of suspects by Magistrate.

    * The Police Service Commission should allow police officers who have been specially trained to stay a bit longer in that particular division where they are trained before transferring them to another division.

    * Provision of District Solicitors in all court for the purpose of the already existing filtering or vetting system of charges before arraignment

    *There should be coalition between the NBA branches to tackle some endemics. See 60 Police Act.

    * Policemen who are not trained as lawyer should not be allowed to stand before magistrate courts as prosecutors.

    * Courts must demand proof of progress in investigations after remand.

    * Strengthen LCIS and enforce statutory timelines.

    * Review Section 264 ACJL to provide statutory limitations on magistrate remand powers.

    *Regular inter-agency training involving police, magistrates, and defence lawyers on ACJA/ACJL compliance and human rights standards.

    * Develop a compliance monitoring system using the LCIS to track remand durations, legal advice delays, and file transfers.

    *Amend Section 17(4) of the Ogun State ACJL to render confessional statements inadmissible unless video-recorded in compliance with the law.

    The faculty:

     Prof. Akinseye-George (SAN) in a paper delivered on his behalf, dwell extensively on the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA)  signed into Law in 2015 by former President Goodluck Jonathan.

    The paper looked into the effectiveness of the act and data sharing in administration of criminal justice.

    The duo of Prof. Akeem Bello of the University of Lagos and Mr. Gbemi Jaiyebo of Juritrust Centre discussed the topic “How Relevant or Effective are the ACJMCs; Monitoring and Evaluation: The Role of Civil Society.

    Justice Olubunmi Abike-Fadipe of Lagos State Judiciary and  Justice S. Akintola of the Oyo State Judiciary spoke extensively on “Remand Process, Holding Charges, Criminal Case Management/Follow up mechanism: Perspective from the Bench.

    The topic, “Arrest Protocols, Framing of Charges – Challenges faced in the Implementation of the ACJA’ was addressed by a Commissioner of Police Fatai Owoseni (rtd.), Mr. Okoli Chidi of EFCC, R. O. Olayiwola; the Officer in Charge, Nigerian Correctional Service Agodi, Oyo State Command and a Legal Officer from ICPC.

    Magistrates Visitation to Detention Facilities and the Police Duty Solicitors Scheme (PDSS) was addressed by Mr. Femi Falana (SAN) while Past NBA Interventions in the effective delivery of the ACJA was addressed by Abiola Olagunju, a former General Secretary of the NBA.

    • Public Interest Litigation and its Challenges – Addressed by Kunle Edun (SAN);

    •Interventions from the Official Bar in Monitoring the Effective Implementation of the ACJA was addressed by Mrs. Omotola Rotimi, a retired Director at the Lagos State Ministry of Justice;

    • People Centered Justice Mechanisms was addressed by Gbolahan Adeniran, Fmr Attorney-General and Commissioner for Justice, Ogun State

    •Disclosure; as it affects the trial rights of defendants was addressed by Dr. Charles Adeogun-Philips (SAN), a former UN Prosecutor

    while the topic, Unifying the ACJA was ddressed by Prof. J.O.A. Akintayo, Dean of Law; University of Ibadan.

    Other Contributors included: a former Attorney General of Oyo State, Adebayo Ojo; the Director of Public Prosecution (DPP) Edo State, Mr. Odabi.

  • Group advocates civic responsibility

    Group advocates civic responsibility

    A group, Societal Concerns Organisation,  has urged Nigerians to embrace unity, civic responsibility, and participate actively in nation-building.

    The Founder and Convener of the group, Oluwayomi Oluwapelumi gave the advice in a statement issued to mark Democracy Day in the country titled “On the Dawn of a New Democratic Era.”

    Oluwapelumi noted that Nigeria had commemorated another milestone in her democratic journey with the celebration of democracy day  few days ago.

     She emphasised that democracy must transcend electoral rituals and be reflected in the values of justice, accountability, and inclusive governance that impact everyday lives.

    “This is a time to reflect, not just on how far we’ve come, but on how much farther we must go,” she said.

     “Our democracy must go beyond the ballot; it must be seen on our streets, heard in our conversations, and felt in our communities.”

    The activist  urged Nigerians to rise above ethnic, religious, and political divides, and to commit to collective progress.

    Read Also: ‘Discharge your civic responsibility’

    According to her, democracy should be sustained not only by institutions but also by informed and determined citizens.

     “May this new democratic phase rekindle our hope, challenge our indifference, and empower us to be bold participants in the destiny we desire,” she said.

    Oluwapelumi, known for her unwavering commitment to societal development, also reiterated that democracy is a shared trust that belongs to every Nigerian—young and old, rich and poor.

    “Democracy thrives not in silence, but in the voices of a people who refuse to give up. Let us be those people. Let us be that generation,” she stated.

  • Akpabio’s aide writes IG over alleged cyberattack

    Akpabio’s aide writes IG over alleged cyberattack

    Mr. Kenny Okolugbo, former Delta State Commissioner and Special Adviser on Communications and Strategy to the President of the Senate, Senator Godswill Akpabio, has petitioned the Inspector General of Police over what he described as a coordinated cyberattack and defamation campaign targeting his person.

    In the petition dated June 16, 2025, Okolugbo alleged that his verified social media account on X (formerly Twitter) was hacked and used to publish statements falsely attributed to him.

    He claimed that the content was subsequently circulated and amplified by three popular social media influencers—Tunde Ednut (@mazitundeednut), Rufai Oseni (@ruffydfire), and Adeola Fayehun (@adeolafayehun).

    “These statements are not only false but contradict all available facts. The timing and uniformity in the language used by these influencers strongly suggest a coordinated effort aimed at misleading the public,” Okolugbo stated.

    He described the posts as containing false allegations, including claims of phone cloning, voice manipulation, and fictitious meetings in London.

    According to him, none of these claims have any basis in reality.

    “What is most disturbing is that these allegations were not even present in the original post from the hacked account.

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    “They were inserted later and widely circulated, pointing clearly to deliberate manipulation,” Okolugbo stated.

    Okolugbo noted that the viral posts appeared to align with existing political narratives and seemed intended to reinforce allegations earlier made by Senator Natasha Akpoti-Uduaghan.

    He urged the Police to open a full investigation into the alleged hacking and impersonation, citing violations of the Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc) Act, 2015.

    He also called for the identification and prosecution of those behind the false narratives and urged the preservation of relevant digital evidence from all platforms involved.

    “This matter goes beyond personal injury. It is a test of how far disinformation can be weaponised in our democracy. I am confident that the Police will act with the urgency and professionalism that this issue demands,” he added.

    To support his claims, Okolugbo attached travel records showing that his last visit to London was on November 5, 2024.

    He said he had not travelled to the UK at any point in 2025, contrary to the claims circulated online.

    He also provided printouts of the alleged defamatory posts to aid the Police investigation.

  • Occupants allege bid to seize property despite injunctions

    Occupants allege bid to seize property despite injunctions

    Despite subsisting court orders restraining interference with a disputed parcel of land in Lekki, Lagos, individuals armed with knives and machetes have demolished the boundary wall to enter the site with the backing of armed police officers and others, the occupants have said.

    They said the incident occurred on June 8 at B20, Wole Olateju Crescent, Lekki Phase 1.

    The property is the subject of ongoing litigation at the Federal High Court, Lagos, in Suit No: FHC/L/CS/1384/2021.

    Legal representatives for the occupants described the incursion as “a brazen act of contempt and lawlessness,” citing the violation of binding judicial orders.

    Justice Daniel Osiagor of the Federal High Court had issued multiple injunctive orders restraining the Lagos State Attorney-General, the Lagos State Special Task Force, and their agents or proxies from further interference with the disputed property, pending the final determination of the suit.

    The court also reaffirmed that its earlier interlocutory and vacation orders dated October 18 and November 5, 2021, remain valid and binding, and noted that no appellate court has set them aside.

    Justice Osiagor’s order restrains the first and third defendants – the Lagos State Attorney-General and the Lagos State Special Task Force – from taking any steps to evict, demolish, harass, or allocate the property to third parties, including alleged representatives of businessman Prince Donatus Okonkwo and Darabella Limited.

    The court further ordered that any property, boats, or equipment removed from the site be returned and the premises restored to their prior state.

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    Despite assurances from the Lagos State Commissioner for Waterfront Development and Infrastructure in September 2024 that no enforcement action would be taken pending the court’s decision, another reported disruption occurred on November 15, 2024, during which workers were allegedly harassed, arrested, and work was halted.

    Boats and other equipment were moved without proper safety precautions, resulting in very significant and costly damage.

    In a petition dated June 4, 2025, addressed to the Inspector General of Police, the occupants’ counsel, Abiodun Olatunji (SAN), detailed what he described as further acts of intimidation.

    These include the securing of an ex parte injunction from the Lagos State High Court despite their knowledge of the ongoing Federal High Court suit, and serving it on site with armed escorts, which the petition claims created an atmosphere of fear and intimidation.

    According to the petition, the ex parte order in question was granted on April 7, 2025, but was not served until June 3, 2025.

    On that date, individuals accompanied by a large contingent of mobile police officers and the court bailiff reportedly stormed the property to serve the order.

    The plaintiffs, in the petition, further alleged that the timing of the service of that ex parte order was an attempt to use the Sallah holiday period — when courts are not in session — to execute a forceful takeover of the site, which they duly attempted with their breach at about 7:45 am on June 8.

    Some legal analysts have criticised the sequence of events as potential forum shopping and an abuse of judicial process, particularly given that concerned parties had already applied to be joined in the Federal High Court matter, thereby submitting to its jurisdiction.

    The petition calls on the Nigeria Police Force to investigate the alleged involvement of its officers and to ensure that any future enforcement actions are carried out strictly in line with lawful procedures and existing court rulings.

    It also raises broader concerns about the rule of law in Lagos State and the perceived misuse of state institutions in private disputes.

    The underlying dispute stretches back to 2008, when Admiral Festus Porbeni, through Admiralty Fleet Limited, reportedly secured approval from the National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) to develop a jetty and boat club on the disputed waterfront land.

    The plaintiffs maintain that their continued possession and development of the property is protected under Section 43 of the Nigerian Constitution, which guarantees the right to own and enjoy property without unlawful interference.

    The Federal High Court is expected to consider whether contempt proceedings will be initiated against those alleged to have breached its orders during the June 8 incident.