Category: Discourse

  • Mbah: The reincarnation of Michael Okpara’s vision in Enugu

    Mbah: The reincarnation of Michael Okpara’s vision in Enugu

    By Nnamani Arinze Darlington

    In Nigeria’s South East, a quiet revolution pulsates through the entire space of Enugu State, led by a man whose audacious governance is breathing new life into the legacy of the late Dr. Michael Iheonukara Okpara, the iconic Premier of Eastern Nigeria. Governor Peter Ndubuisi Mbah, a maritime lawyer and a towering entrepreneur turned transformative leader, is not just governing, he is rekindling a golden era, breathing Okpara’s spirit into the entire Enugu to catapult the state into a future defined by innovation, prosperity, and pride. This is not just leadership; it is a renaissance, deliberate and electrifying, that dares to dream as big, if not bigger, than its storied predecessor.

    At 39, Michael Okpara took the reins of Eastern Nigeria in 1959, deploying his philosophy of “Pragmatic Socialism” to transform the region into an economic titan. His agricultural revolution, anchored by institutions like Adapalm, turned Eastern Nigeria into a global palm oil powerhouse, fueling monumental projects like Okpara’s industrial ventures—Golden Guinea Breweries, the Ceramics Industry in Umuahia—sparked self-reliance, while his investments in education and infrastructure laid a foundation for enduring prosperity.

    Known for his integrity and unassuming resolve, Okpara’s leadership, studied at places like Stanford, remains a gold standard. But the January 1966 military coup, the counter-coup six about six months after, and the consequent Nigerian Civil War, cut short his era of regional autonomy, leaving behind a legacy unfinished. Yes, a legacy much hailed by successive regimes, yet discarded and urinated on by most of his successors that have presided over the many states of today that formed the defunct Eastern region.

    But for the Second Republic that produced glimmers of hope and vision like of Chief Jim Ifeanyichukwu Nwobodo and Dee Sam Mbakwe, what followed in the states that constitute the defunct Eastern Region since his ouster have been both unimaginative and rapacious military and civilian leaders that not only arrested progress, but equally and most unfortunately took the entire geographical space back by centuries.

    However, the coming of Dr. Peter Mbah, has been both a breath of fresh air and hope. Mbah stormed into office on May 29, 2023 with a vision as bold as Okpara’s but tailored for a 21st-century world and needs. A serial entrepreneur, who built Pinnacle Oil and Gas Limited from a two-room apartment in Lagos to a market leader and unicorn in less than ten years, Mbah fuses private-sector savvy with public-sector ambition, aiming to skyrocket Enugu’s GDP from $4.4 billion as of 2023 to an audacious $30 billion. His first year alone saw over 71 roads built or rehabilitated in Enugu metropolis alone, with a jaw-dropping goal of 10,000 kilometers in eight years. Sleek projects like the Enugu State International Conference Centre and cutting-edge bus terminals scream global standards, signaling that Mbah is not here to tinker—he is here to transform.

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    Mbah’s Smart Green Schools initiative is a masterstroke, targeting 260 digitally equipped schools across Enugu’s 260 wards to build Enugu children and youths for a tech-driven world. It’s a direct echo of Okpara’s educational zeal, but with a futuristic twist. On security, Mbah’s courage, iron political will, high-tech surveillance systems, and digitalized Command and Control Center have not only tamed the disruptive sit-at-home orders by IPOB, but have also dealt such a heavy blow on agents of insecurity, restoring calm and luring investors back to Enugu’s promise.

    Economically, he is rewriting the playbook: Enugu’s Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) skyrocketed by 286.2%, as he built it from a little over N20 billion in June 2023 to N37.4 billion by the end of 2023, then to N144.7 billion by September 2024. This is in line with his manifesto wherein he expressed the vision to ultimately wean Enugu off Federal Allocation and have FAAC as a saving into a Sovereign Wealth Fund for future generations. Laws like the Enugu State Geographic Information Services (EN-GIS) and the Citizens’ Charter, cement transparency, while agricultural partnerships and SME support revive Okpara’s focus on grassroots empowerment.

    The parallels between Mbah and Okpara are impossible to ignore. Both are architects of self-reliance. Okpara, through agriculture, Mbah through a diversified economic engine. Okpara’s educational revolution to Mbah’s Smart Schools, both see education as the spark for progress. Both lead by action, not noise, earning praise for their quiet, yet seismic impact. Former Commonwealth Secretary General Emeka Anyaoku calls Mbah a “truly performing Governor,” transforming Enugu with the same understated grit that defined Okpara.

    The chorus of approval is deafening. From Nsukka’s traditional rulers to retired security chiefs. Mbah’s “great strides” have won hearts and headlines. Crowned LEADERSHIP Newspapers’ Governor of the Year 2024, Mbah’s governance is a “dramatic departure” from the status quo, pulsating with the revolutionary fervor of Okpara’s era.

    Speaking at the 14th Chief Emeka Anyaoku Lecture Series on Good Governance, the renowned diplomat said, “Allow me the privilege of describing him (Mbah) as a truly performing governor. Yesterday, I was given glimpses of projects that have either been completed or in active progress towards completion. I saw, for example, this magnificent International Conference Centre. I saw an array of CNG buses at the Okpara Square. I saw the Smart Green Schools. I learnt that there are as many as 260 of them ongoing at the same time. I was also able to visit a state-of-the-art bus station, the Holy Ghost Terminal.

    “So, I would say that Governor Peter Mbah is genuinely transforming Enugu State, which used to be described as a civil service state. He is transforming it into an industrial, educational hub and agricultural innovation. But the surprising thing is that all these developments are going on with little publicity. So, Governor Peter Mbah is not just a performing governor, but he is also a quite and noiseless performing governor.”

    Peter Mbah is not just walking in Okpara’s footsteps; he is sprinting, adapting a historic vision to a modern canvas. Through relentless infrastructure, education, security, and economic innovation, he is forging Enugu into a beacon of what Nigeria can be. Okpara’s legacy is a towering milestone, but Mbah’s Enugu is a living testament to its enduring fire. The road ahead is fraught with Nigeria’s tangled challenges. Economic volatility, political noise, systemic hurdles and bureaucracy. Yet, Mbah’s momentum has consciously shown that he is not just reviving Okpara’s dream but redefining it, proving that visionary leadership can turn the past’s promise into a future’s triumph. Enugu is rising, and the world is watching the rebirth of Michael Iheonukara Okpara’s spirit in Governor Peter Ndubuisi Mbah through his visionary leadership and actions that are intentional and connecting the dots for economic and social prosperity for ndi Enugu.

    Governor Peter Ndubuisi Mbah’s leadership embodies the spirit of Michael Okpara, vision to a modern context. Through infrastructure, education, security, and economic innovation, Mbah is transforming Enugu into a beacon of progress, much as Okpara did for Eastern Nigeria. While Okpara’s legacy is a historical milestone, Mbah’s ongoing efforts shows he is on a path to leave a similar mark. He will fully realize Okpara’s “rebirth” from the already sustained momentum and focus to overcome Nigeria’s complex challenges. For now, Mbah’s Enugu is a testament to the enduring power of visionary leadership, proving that the past can inspire a brighter future.

    •Nnamani, writes from Enugu

  • Why Senator Natasha should have her day in court

    Why Senator Natasha should have her day in court

    By Ken Harries

    In every democracy, the rule of law remains the fulcrum on which justice, accountability, and civil order revolve. When individuals, regardless of status or influence, level grievous accusations against others, it is only just and proper that such allegations be subjected to judicial scrutiny. The ongoing controversy involving Senator Natasha Akpoti-Uduaghan is no exception.

    After failing to substantiate her grave allegation of sexual harassment against the President of the Nigerian Senate, Senator Godswill Akpabio, Senator Akpoti-Uduaghan did not pause to retract or clarify. Instead, she escalated matters by making an even more incendiary claim – that both Senator Akpabio and a former governor of Kogi State, Alhaji Yahaya Bello, were plotting to assassinate her.

    These are not mere verbal exchanges. These are serious, reputation-damaging, and socially destabilizing accusations. If untrue, they are not just defamatory, they are incendiary. And if true, they warrant full legal redress.

    Both Senator Akpabio and Yahaya Bello vehemently denied these allegations. But rather than engage in mudslinging or mob justice, they acted in the most democratic and civilised manner possible.

    They petitioned the appropriate law enforcement agency – the Nigerian Police Force – which commenced an investigation, in the course of which it invited Senator Akpoti-Uduaghan to present her side, an invitation she failed to honour.

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    Subsequently, and on the strength of the investigation by the police, the Federal Government preferred a six-count criminal charge against her before the Federal High Court, Abuja. Allegations in the charge, marked: FHC/ABJ/CR/195/2025 are rooted in cybercrime provisions, revolve around her alleged transmission of false and injurious information via electronic means, calculated to malign, incite, and endanger lives and breach public order.

    Among the particulars of the charge are claims that the Senator, while addressing a gathering on April 01, 2025 in Ihima, alleged that Senator Akpabio instructed Bello to have her eliminated in Kogi State.

    Similarly, in a television interview, she allegedly repeated this narrative, suggesting a murderous conspiracy against her life.

    Is this suppression or due process?

    Some voices, especially in activism and social media communities, have chosen to mischaracterise this development as a clampdown on dissent or an attempt to silence an outspoken lawmaker.Nothing could be further from the truth. This is not about free speech. This is about the integrity of the law and the limits of expression in a democratic society.

    To falsely accuse individuals, especially public officeholders, of conspiracy to commit murder, without proof, and then refuse to defend those claims in court, is not activism. It is a subversion of justice and a manipulation of public sentiment.

    One cannot hide behind the veil of freedom of speech to malign, defame, and incite without consequence. The right to speak does not include the right to lie, especially with consequences so potentially grave.

    The defendant will have her day in court, with full constitutional protections, legal representation, and a fair trial. Is that not the essence of justice? The principle of justice espouses that ‘’to every man, his due”.

    Why the courtroom matters

    What the Nigerian state has done is simply to insist on legal accountability. The courtroom, not Twitter threads or televised interviews, is the proper arena to test the truth of any claim, especially those with such serious ramifications.

    Let it be clearly stated: no one is presuming Senator Natasha’s guilt. But no one should also presume her innocence without her submitting to due legal process.

    Let the court weigh the preponderance of evidence. If the charges are frivolous, the court will dismiss them.

    If proven beyond a reasonable doubt, appropriate consequences will follow and serve as a deterrent. No matter whose ox is gored, justice must be served.

    That is how the rule of law promotes justice for all in an orderly society.

    To suggest, as Senator Akpoti-Uduaghan reportedly has, that she is being targeted or silenced by the legal process is to mock the judiciary and trivialise the core principles of constitutional democracy.

    Nigeria must not become a nation where unproven allegations, theatrically rendered on television and social media, are allowed to go unchallenged in law.

    The legal doctrine is clear: he who asserts must prove. Senator Akpoti-Uduaghan should gladly embrace this opportunity to substantiate her claims. That is the responsible, lawful, and honourable path forward.

    Let the courts decide.

    •Harries, a lawyer, is an Abuja-based communication strategist.

  • The paradox of angelic void: A review of Sam Omatseye’s Juju Eyes

    The paradox of angelic void: A review of Sam Omatseye’s Juju Eyes

    By Michael Olatunbosun

    The novel, Juju Eyes (published in 2025 by SunshotAssociate) is a 51-chapter work set in cities across Nigeria, United Kingdom and United States of America. The book is written by Sam Omatseye. Sam is one of Nigeria’s finest journalists with lots of awards and honours to his name. He has authored many works, including In Touch, Mandela’s Bones and Other Poems, Dear Baby Ramatu; My Name is Okoro, Scented Offal, among others. He is currently Chairman of the Editorial Board of The Nation, a popular newspaper.

     Our protagonist is Oluseyi Ekanem (mostly known as Shay in the work). She escapes from being the companion of a goddess to become the goddess herself. 

    In this work, we are introduced to Uncle Idongesit. Shay’s Uncle ID as he is fondly called elects to take care of Shay and her mother after her husband, his brother’s death. But he cannot keep his eyes off Shay until he has his way with her. She has now lost her innocence and chastity. But she yet does not know the implications of this act for her own life. 

    After winning a beauty pageant, Shay begins to get all the attention a beauty queen attracts, and much more. Her beauty is irresistible and her frame is equated to that of a goddess. An invitation to a banquet with the Governor puts her on the global map, and a generous cash gift from the governor turns on her light, scattering her brightness everywhere.

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    But popularity and celebrity status comes with a huge price. Shay soon gets into the highway of life. She moves quickly through the ranks of men, both the high and mighty, amassing some handsome amounts of cash in foreign currency in the process. And it is now difficult to stop. She hops into bed with assorted men of means and might. She also becomes a dealer, helping to pimp ladies for friends of her own male friends. 

    The work, Juju Eyes is replete with sumptuous tales of Shay’s escapades with all the choice men of society, but she has refused to settle down with any. 

    Osa, Shay’s boyfriend also casts the image of your regular political hanger-on, always showing up around politicians and hoping that he will be handed the party’s ticket someday somehow. With the story of Osa, the author exposes the intriguing whiles of the political class and some of the dirty things that they do in order to remain in reckoning.

    In the book the author discusses the tragedy of a dead father or mother and its consequent toll on the lives of children left behind. The consequence is that of abuse and rape or incest or loss of bearing. Shay and Osa happen to carry with them, shreds of some of the consequences.

    The work, Juju Eyes also seems to question some socio-cultural practices that appear out of sync with modern reality. One of such is the experience of Osa and his Luka adventure. Luka is a community where if a man puts a lady in a family way outside wedlock and she dies, he will have to perform marriage rites with her corpse before a burial ceremony can be carried out for her. This rite includes a mock-marriage with a placeholder for the deceased, who is in turn stripped of her own feminine essence with a violated body in tow.

    In the novel, Juju Eyes, Sam Omatseye chronicles the atrocities of merchants who pose as altruistic orphanage owners, but underneath are dirty merchandise of children for rituals, including other illegal activities. 

    The work also digs into the hypocrisy of the people in the practice of religion. We read in the book about the chameleon lifestyle of religious people and their false attribution of miracles to God when in fact the miracles are fraudulently procured. We are apprised of the pervasive pharisaic veils with which people like Shay, Madam Lola, and others garb themselves in their affairs. Their lifestyles present a paradox of angelic void.

    Shay decides to end her relationship with Osa. But soon after, Nigel Phillips appears on the scene, and topples Shay’s world.Nigel is a British wealthy oil magnate with business ties and a family historical trauma with Nigeria. He is swept off his feet by Shay’s mysterious allure. And he stalks her until she agrees to marry him. But somewhere in the heart of the Niger-Delta, Nigel is kidnapped. The story takes on another twist. And theauthor then takes the reader on a floating adventure into the Niger-Delta creeks where the militants hold the ace. 

    The author has plenty of characters whom he throws into the plot here and there. Chief Lambe the political godfather to who many politicians or people looking for favours defer. Akin, the chameleon is torn between keeping a wife because of her father’s largesse, and stalking Shay. You also have Nigel, popularly called Mista Naija, and the perception that he is a double-faced person only after Nigeria’s black gold and black beauty. And Ese, Shay’s boyfriend at the university is the good guy who loses out eventually despite his love for Shay. And many others spread across the work’s 350 pages and 51 chapters of sweet swift storytelling. Essentially, all these characters, especially Shay, are metaphors of Nigeria in different shades and contexts.

    As a lover of great narration and good storytelling, I would have given the work a perfect 100 per cent score, but for a few instances of grammar and syntax breaches and typographical errors. But these do not in any way water down the suspense laden, punchy narration and poetic essence of the work. Aesthetically, the work is finely set with pages well laid out and font large enough to make reading smooth. The cover page is colourfully designed and attractively set too.    

    In the novel Juju Eyes, the author’s mastery of the English nuances comes to play. His deployment of short, punchy sentences help to elevate the racy narration for maximum effect. This increases the ease of readability too, as the reader is not burdened by long winding compound-complex sentences. I have read Sam Omatseye’s My Name is Okoro(prose about the Nigerian Civil War) and Scented Offal(collection of poems), and I thought they were great. But Juju Eyes is a master-piece in which Sam shows that he is both a master of prose and poetry. In fact, Juju Eyes can be fittingly described as poetry in longhand or prosaic poetry. It is a book for all lovers of art!

    • Olatunbosun is a broadcast journalist, fact-checker and book reviewer at Splash FM 105.5, Ibadan. He can be reached via 08023517565 (SMS and WhatsApp only) and email molatunbosun@splashfm1055.com

  • With Adedeji’s FIRS, revenue keeps looking up

    With Adedeji’s FIRS, revenue keeps looking up

    By Rabiu Usman

    ‘The Gross Statutory Revenue of N2.094 trillion received for the month was higher than the sum of N2.084 trillion received in the previous month by N10.023 billion.”

    Above was from the Communique issued by the Federation Account Allocation Committee (FAAC) at the end of its June 2025 meeting chaired by the Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister of the Economy, Wale Edun.

    In the last few months, that has been a consistent statement coming from FAAC meetings. Thanks to President Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s foresightedness in putting a square peg in the square hole of the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS).

    Since that square peg, Dr. Zaccheus Adedeji, took charge of the FIRS square hole as the Executive Chairman, revenue generation has been an up, up story.

    In May, a total sum of N1. 681 trillion was shared to the three tiers of government as Federation Allocation for the month of April 2025 from a gross total revenue of N2.084 trillion.

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    The Gross Statutory Revenue of N2.084 trillion received for the month of April was higher than the sum of N1.718 trillion received in March by N365.595 billion.

    Significantly,  revenue from Value Added Tax (VAT) for the month of April 2025, was N642.265 billion as against N637.618 Billion in March. In other words,  VAT revenue increased by N4.6 billion in April.

    The gross statutory revenue of N2.094 trillion received for the month of May, was higher than the sum of N2.084 trillion received in the month of April by N10.023 billion.

    Also in May, N742.820 billion was realised from VAT alone,  N100.555 billion higher than April’s N642.265 billion.

    In 2024, Dr Zacch Adedeji, and his team set N19.4 trillion as revenue target, a significant increase of 56.9 per cent from the 2023 revenue.

    This target was not only met by the FIRS under Dr Zacch Adedeji, it was surpassed. N21.6 trillion was generated, exceeding the 2024 target by N2.2 trillion.

    For 2025, an ambitious N25.2 trillion target was set, N3.6 trillion higher than the revenue generated in 2024, and from all indications, that target will not only be met, it will most probably be surpassed.

    For the Nigeria’s “Zaccheus The Tax Collector,” realization of the 2025 revenue target of N25.2 trillion is being anchored on the strategic pillars of capacity building and training, infrastructure and facility enhancement, as well as technological advancement.

    And the initiatives of Dr Zacch Adedeji, including the integration of new modules into the TaxProMax system, which has automated over 80 percent of previously manual processes and streamlined revenue collection and simplified obtaining tax clearances for contractors, are not being unnoticed.

    Few weeks ago in London, United Kingdom, his outstanding performance and exemplary leadership, was recognized by the Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators (CATA) during its 96th management committee meeting.

    CATA, with its headquarters in London, has members drawn from 47 countries. It promotes efficient tax administration among member countries with special focus on developing economies.

    It is on record that Dr. Zacch Adedeji, who recently completed his tenure as President of CATA,  helped to steer critical tax reforms across member countries.

    For this and many more,  CATA’s executive director, Dr Esther Koisin and the chair, Mr Mahmad Noor, were full of praise for the FIRS boss, for his invaluable contributions and strategic insight in the administration of the body.

    And at home, it has been accolades upon accolades for the country’s version of the Biblical Zaccheus, the Tax Collector.

    • Usman, a public affairs commentator lives in Abuja

  • Tinubu’s two years robust ECOWAS chairmanship ends

    Tinubu’s two years robust ECOWAS chairmanship ends

    •  By Linda Nwabuwa Akhigbe

    Only last month, on May 28, 2025, the Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS, celebrated its 50th anniversary with huge fanfare, commemorating the event with official ceremonies in Ghana and Nigeria.

    Back in 1975, the leaders of Nigeria and Togo; Yakubu Gowon and Gnasssingbe Eyadema had traversed the region and rallied 16 nations to sign the famous Lagos Treaty which engendered unity and free trade in the West African subregion.

    On Sunday, June 22, 2025, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, under whose stewardship ECOWAS marked the Golden Jubilee, will be handing over the Chairmanship of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government, after two successive mandates. President Tinubu’s leadership in the regional body’s highest decision-making organ began on July 9, 2023, at the ECOWAS summit of Heads of State and Government in Bissau. As a mark of Confidence in him, his peers renewed the mandate of this rotational position on July 2024.

    For over 50 years, ECOWAS has endured a checkered existence and President Tinubu’s tenure as ECOWAS Chairman is no different. The beginning of his tenure coincided with incidences of coups and counter coups in the subregion, culminating with the exit of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger from ECOWAS to focus on a security partnership they established earlier called the Alliance of Sahel States AES. The Sahelian bloc led by military regimes, whose existence is anti-thetical to ECOWAS democratic norms and rules, have also severed military ties with their former Western allies like the United States and France, and now relying on Russia for military support. 

    His tenure became a bulwark against the erosion of democratic values. Insisting, “We will not allow coup after coup in Africa”. ECOWAS under His watch imposed far reaching sanctions on Niger to get them to return to constitutional rule and deter coup d’etats in the subregion. However, President Tinubu softened his earlier stance probably taking into consideration public sentiments such as those expressed by the only surviving founding Father of ECOWAS General Yakubu Gowon who called for the lifting of sanctions. On February 24, 2024, ECOWAS lifted most of the sanctions on Niger and President Tinubu urged the three countries to return to the community noting that ECOWAS must re-examine its current approach to the quest for constitutional order. Throughout his tenure, President Tinubu prioritized diplomatic negotiations to end the impasse with the three countries. Consequently, direct talks between ECOWAS and the three countries have begun towards safeguarding the community’s achievements and building future cooperation in various areas including security and development. 

    Over the course of his two terms as Chairman of the regional body, President Tinubu has gone to great lengths to promote peace in the subregion. His efforts at facilitating peace talks in Sierra-Leone led to the signing of the crucial Unity Agreement between the major protagonists, following the post 2023 multi-tier election crisis in the country and enabling the exile of former President of Sierra – Leone Ernest Koroma to Nigeria to ease tensions in the country. Under his watch, the ECOWAS Standby Force to counter terrorism was activated and the ECOWAS military logistics depot in Lungi, Sierra Leone has been completed. He also made sure the frontline member states in the fight against terrorism, including the AES states, were supported with $4 million under the ECOWAS Counter Terrorism Humanitarian Response and ECOWAS allocated $9 million to assist persons of concern namely refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers. ECOWAS also delivered direct humanitarian aid to over 41,000 displaced persons in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Guinea and Nigeria.

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    His continued support for ECOMIG, the ECOWAS Military Intervention in the Gambia, which first arrived to shore up the regime of Adama Barrow in 2017 and forced a reluctant Yahya Jammeh into exile, has been responsible for enduring peace in that enclave. Also remarkable is his assiduity in remaining engaged with Guinea, which has been under suspension since the coup that removed 83-year-old Alpha Conde from power in 2021.

    ECOWAS, under the stewardship of President Tinubu, has helped in stabilizing democracy in some West African countries in transition, leading to improved electoral and governance practices, dialogue and peaceful handovers in Liberia and Ghana’s recent elections. The election monitoring machinery of the regional bloc and its peer review mechanism have engendered a more salubrious atmosphere and ensured that elections are becoming increasingly free and fair and devoid of violence.

    It is important to remember that the pivotal reason for setting up ECOWAS was to ensure economic stability and prosperity in the region, and here ECOWAS under the leadership of President Tinubu has left indelible footprints. As a consequence of his leadership, ECOWAS has implemented extensive activities to consolidate the free trade area, customs union and the common market. Of note was the signing of the $26bn African Atlantic Gas Pipeline project agreement between the Federal Government, Morocco, and ECOWAS. The gas pipeline initiative aims to connect at least 13 nations and foster economic growth throughout the region.

    As President Tinubu revealed on July 21, 2024 during the 6th Mid-Year Coordination Meeting of the African Union, a foremost forum for the African Union and Regional Economic Communities (RECs) to align their work on the implementation of the continental integration agenda, “ECOWAS supported six Member States in ratifying the WTO Fisheries Subsidies Agreement, and thirteen Member States have ratified the AFCFTA agreement…The ECOWAS interconnected System for the Management of Goods in Transit (SIGMAT) is also operational in twelve Member States,” facilitating trade and reducing transit barriers.

    He also oversaw a major rise in participation under the ECOWAS Trade Liberalization scheme ETLS, with Nigeria alone recording over 3,000 registered companies and more than 6,000 eligible products as of December 2024.

    On the home front, President Tinubu laid the groundwork for the Nigeria – Equatorial Guinea gas pipeline, a $25 billion project to enhance regional energy connectivity which is supported by ECOWAS. The 200km project is focused on transporting Nigerian gas to Equatorial Guinea, addressing regional energy cooperation and redressing economic challenges. Still on energy, ECOWAS under His watch is advancing electrification efforts in The Gambia, Guinea Bissau, and Mali through the ECOWAS-Regional Electricity Access Project (ECOREAP). 

    In the area of agriculture and food security, ECOWAS under the leadership of President Tinubu operationalized the Regional Fund for Agriculture and Food (RFAF) via the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development, promoting rice self-sufficiency. In that wise, 490 million livestock were vaccinated in the Sahel, improving animal health policies, and boosting access to the Green Climate Fund for climate-smart agriculture.

    The exit of President Tinubu as ECOWAS Chairman will be profoundly felt. His contribution to making ECOWAS a stable, peaceful and united Community is a benchmark for his successor. As he hands over the baton to a new helmsman, there are several problems which demand attention, namely the need to check the rising spate of terror attacks in the Sahel where gratuitous violence is common, and the impact of this on the economy of the region. The regional counterterrorism force must be fully activated and well-funded because the cost of inaction will be incalculable.

    Akhigbe is the Senior Special Assistant to the President on Strategic communications

  • Makinde, Oyo residents and the Reagan question

    Makinde, Oyo residents and the Reagan question

    • By Sulaimon Olanrewaju

    The second presidential debate, which took place on Tuesday, October 28, 1980, at the Music Hall in Cleveland, Ohio, was the defining moment for the United States of America’s presidential campaign of that year. The debate, watched by 80.6 million viewers, had two participants; President Jimmy Carter and his Republican Party challenger, Mr Ronald Reagan.

    In his response to one of the 12 questions from the panelists, Reagan posed a question to Americans: ‘Are you better off today than you were four years ago?’ That question changed the campaign narrative because it allowed the voters to intentionally assess their government and see how the Carter presidency had affected their lives. Their verdict was damning, as Reagan went ahead to win the November 4 election, polling 43,899,248 votes, representing 50.8 per cent of the popular vote, and an Electoral College victory of 489 to 49.

    The Reagan Question brings to the fore the essence of democracy. Democracy, the process through which the people vest the power to manage the socioeconomic resources of the state in their elected representatives, is not an end in itself. Rather, it is a means to an end. The end of democracy is the improvement of the people’s living standard. A democratic system that does not improve the lot of the people is a sham and a scam because the allure of democracy is that with the people deciding those who govern them, their welfare and wellbeing are guaranteed. Many countries opted for the Athenian democratic system because of the belief that the people can neither be shortchanged nor left in the lurch since they hold the key to the choice of those who lead them.

    This position is corroborated by Section 14(2) (b) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, as amended, which states that the security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of government. This section of the constitution presents the security and welfare of the people conjunctively as the sole purpose of government. The import of this is that no matter what else a government accomplishes, if it fails to provide security for its people and does not place premium on their wellbeing, it has failed the people.

    In 2019, Engineer ‘Seyi Makinde made a pitch for the votes of Oyo State people with a document christened Oyo State Roadmap for Accelerated Development 2019-2023. His presentation impressed the people of the state so much that they entrusted their future to him by casting their votes for him. When the people had a chance to either retain or reject him four years later, they considered the promises offered by him in the Oyo State Roadmap for Sustainable Development 2023-2025 and, again, cast their lot with him.

    Six years after his assumption of office, how have the people of Oyo State fared under the Makinde administration. How will Oyo State residents answer the Reagan Question? Are the people better off than they were before they elected him or are they worse off? Is Oyo State better on Makinde’s watch than it was before his assumption of office?

    Dr Muideen Babatunde Olatunji, the Executive Secretary of the Oyo State Primary Health Care Board, speaking in an interview, said before the advent of the current administration, “most of our medical facilities were an eye sore; nobody even wished to go there for medical care.”

    He added, “When we started in 2019, we did a gap analysis to say ‘where are we, where are we supposed to be and what is the gap?’ In that gap analysis we did, we came up with a document that we called the Minimum Service Package Document. In that document, we were able to itemise areas of needs in the healthcare services of the state.”

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    Based on the identified gap, the Makinde administration resolved to strengthen the primary healthcare system to bring healthcare services as close to the people as possible. So, the government decided to upgrade or build Primary Healthcare Centre in each of the 351 wards in the state. Consequently, over 209 PHCs were upgraded during the governor’s first term. Currently, 106 PHCs across the 33 local government areas are being upgraded. In the same vein, 264 of the PHCs are being equipped.

    Although there are three types of PHCs, Oyo State opted for the best which is Level 3, which can render comprehensive healthcare services. Level 3 PHCs have ancillary facilities such as accommodation for healthcare providers that need to be within that facility, a perimeter fence, potable water and electricity. To ensure constant power supply, the state government has not only connected the PHCs to the national grid, it has also installed solar panels in them while also supplying them with generating sets.

    So effective has the delivery of healthcare to the people of Oyo State through the ‘one PHC per ward model’ been that the Federal Government has adopted it.

    In the same vein, a number of secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities have been upgraded, equipped and staffed. These include Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Yemetu, Ibadan; Ring Road State Hospital, Adeoyo, Ibadan; Jericho Nursing Home, Jericho, Ibadan; LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso; General Hospital, Aremo, Ibadan; General Hospital, Eruwa; General Hospital, Tede and Secretariat Staff Clinic, Agodi, Ibadan.

    Similarly, the government has extended health insurance coverage to hundreds of thousands of Oyo State residents, including pensioners, students of tertiary institutions, primary and secondary school pupils as well as pregnant women through the Oyo State Health Insurance Agency (OYSHIA). Under the health insurance scheme, the government pays the premium for 100,000 of the most vulnerable citizens. It also pays the premium for all pensioners.

    The administration has equally provided free medical services to over 2million people in the state through the annual Omituntun Free Health Mission, which is taken to all the 33 local government areas in the state.

    Consequent on the various interventions of the state government in the area of healthcare delivery,  three local government areas in the state; Ogo Oluwa, Irepo and Ibarapa East have been declared free from Onchocerciasis (river blindness) and lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis). The state also won the award for the Best Neglected Tropical Disease State Coordinator in Nigeria.

    So, for millions of Oyo State residents, who have enjoyed the services of the PHCs, the secondary and tertiary health institutions, the Omituntun Health Mission as well as about one million beneficiaries of the Oyo State health insurance scheme, their answer to the Reagan Question is: We are better off today on Governor Makinde’s watch than we were six years ago.

    In education, Makinde hit the ground running.

    Making his first pronouncement shortly after taking the oath of office on May 29, 2019, the governor abrogated the payment of N3,000 fee per child, thus making education at both the primary and secondary school levels free in the state. That pronouncement has seen over 80,000 out-of-school children in the state return to school. Consequently, Oyo State which, according to a 2018 StatiSense report, had the highest number of out-of-school children in South West Nigeria has moved up the ladder of states with low out-of-school children rate in the country. With the cancellation of payment of fees in Oyo State public schools, 80,000 children, who might have grown up without any marketable skills and would probably have become political thugs, arsonists, bandits, armed robbers, kidnappers, pipeline vandals, drug traffickers, human traffickers and commercial sex workers have been rescued from a dreadful future; they can now look forward to a secure and prosperous future.

    The governor followed this up with an upward review of the 2019 budgetary allocation to education from 3 per cent to 10 per cent even when the whole budget, which he had inherited from the previous administration, was reviewed downwards.

    He then made a promise that he would endeavour to meet the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recommendation of voting between 15 and 20 per cent of the budget to education. Makinde has lived up to this promise by raising the budgetary provision for education to N47billion (22.3 per cent) in 2020, N56.3billion (21 per cent) in 2021, N54.1billion (18.37 per cent) in 2022, N58.2billion (18.78 per cent) in 2023, N90billion (21 per cent) in 2024 and N145.25 billion (about 21.44 per cent).

    To improve education delivery at both the primary and secondary school levels in the state, the Seyi Makinde administration has completed over 400 projects, including the construction of model schools, the construction of classrooms with toilets, the renovation of classroom blocks, the installation of boreholes and the construction of perimeter fences in many schools. The government recently embarked on the upgrade of 100 schools across the state, 36 of which are currently ongoing. In collaboration with the World Bank-supported Better Education Service Delivery for All Additional Finance; Transforming Education Systems at States Level (BESDA AF-TESS) programme, the government has upgraded classroom blocks in 105 schools in rural communities to close the urban-rural education gap.

    However, the governor’s focus has not been only on primary and secondary schools, as he has also improved the lot of all the tertiary institutions in the state. One of the major steps taken by Makinde to steady the shaky state-owned institutions was the payment of the inherited salary arrears. He has also been supportive of Oyo State students in the Law School by providing them with N500,000 bursary awards since 2019. The government has also been giving bursaries to Oyo State students in medical schools, aviation schools and final year students of universities and HND across the country.

    Similarly, the government has been awarding full scholarships to students from each of the 33 local government areas in the state to study at the Abiola Ajimobi Technical University, Ibadan. In the same vein, students across the 33 LGAs and 35 LCDAs have been awarded scholarships at the School of Nursing and Midwifery Eleyele, Ibadan.

    Makinde has also demonstrated commitment to the improvement of facilities in state-owned tertiary institutions. In 2020, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, received N100 million for capital projects. This was followed up with the construction of a N458 million office complex for lecturers in 2021. The Oke Ogun Polytechnic was provided with a central laboratory complex, while the Adeseun Ogundoyin Polytechnic, Eruwa got a 250-capacity lecture theatre.

    In November 2020, the National Universities Commission (NUC) ceded the sole ownership of Ladoke Akintola University (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, to Oyo State Government. This followed a Memorandum of Understanding by Oyo and Osun State Governments to dissolve the joint ownership of the university, which was founded in 1991. That decision marked a turning point in the history of the university because after years of retarded growth, LAUTECH has come into its own and is now rated the best state university in the country.

    Makinde decided to turn the university into a multi-campus institution and built from the scratch a College of Agricultural Sciences and Renewable Natural Resources in Iseyin, Oke Ogun axis of the state.

    In December 2022, he got the approval of the NUC for the conversion of Emmanuel Alayande College of Education to a university. Thus, Makinde has increased the number of Oyo State-owned universities, as he usually puts it, “from one and a half to three.”

    So, the 80,000 rescued out-of-school children, the parents who have been relieved of the burden of paying school fees, thousands of students of Abiola Ajimobi Technical University, who were awarded scholarships, thousands of students of the School of Nursing and Midwifery who were awarded scholarships, staff of tertiary institutions whose arrears have been paid, thousands of Law School, medical school, aviation school and final year students who have enjoyed Oyo State bursaries as well as students and staff of LAUTECH who have been rescued from stagnation will be unanimous in their response to the Reagan Question that they are better off now than they were six years ago.

    In 2019, before Makinde’s inauguration for his first tenure, there were great security concerns as a result of the crisis involving members of the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW). But without much fuss, Governor Makinde quelled what could have become a conflagration by proscribing the NURTW in the state and setting up the Park Management System (PMS). That masterstroke achieved two things. First, it took the wind out of the sail of the warring members of the NURTW as there was no need to fight over what had ceased to exist. Two, it reverted control of the parks to the government and boosted its revenue generation. That novelty has since been adopted by a number of states in the South West geopolitical zone.

    Also, a group of criminals, known as One Million Boys, terrorized Ibadan and environs over a period of time. But now, the gang is history.

    Similarly, kidnappings, herders’ invasion, armed robbery attacks, bank robberies and other criminal activities were a norm in Oyo State before the advent of the current administration. But all of these have been reduced to the barest minimum by Makinde’s ingenuity.

    Governor Makinde has been able to make Oyo State safer due to his pragmatic approach to leadership. He is ever willing to cooperate with and support federal security agencies to improve security in the state. Makinde’s collaboration with the Nigeria Police birthed the Police Mobile Force 72 Squadron in Ago Are, Atisbo Local Government area of the state. The Squadron has been vital to the peaceful atmosphere that exists in Oke Ogun zone of the state.

    The governor’s collaboration with security agencies also culminated in the establishment of the Nigeria Air Force (NAF) Base in Ajia. The base has enhanced NAF’s readiness and responsiveness to security challenges in the state.

    In addition to these, Makinde has, over the period of six years, donated over 500 patrol vehicles to security agencies in the state to ensure that all parts of the state are adequately monitored. Consequently, security operatives are able to effectively patrol the state.

    Following the decision of South West governors to set up the Western Nigeria Security Network, codenamed Amotekun, Makinde immediately set the machinery in motion to establish the network in the state. The Amotekun officers and men are well trained, well equipped, well remunerated and well motivated. Hence, they have played a critical role in securing the state.

    Another factor engendering security in Oyo State is the Light-Up project. The project, which covers well over 250 kilometers across the state, keeps the streets aglow even at night. This has become a source of deterrence to criminally-minded people who can no longer hide under the cloak of darkness to give vent to their evil intentions.

    For millions of Oyo State residents across the 33 local government areas who no longer have to worry about their safety, the answer to the Reagan Question is: We are better off today than we were six years ago.

    While speaking at the opening ceremony of the 157th meeting of the Joint Tax Board, comprising players in the tax sector at the state and national levels, held in Ibadan in May 2025, Executive Chairman of the Federal Inland Revenue Service, Dr. Zacch Adedeji, commended Governor Makinde for growing Oyo State’s revenue profile by 145.5 per cent since his assumption of office in 2019, adding that the state recorded an IGR performance of N65.28 billion in 2024, a figure, which he noted, reflected 23.7 per cent growth over the 2023 collection.

    Adedeji said, “While significant milestones have been made in other sectors such as education, healthcare, transportation, housing, trade and investment etc, it is interesting to note that the government of Oyo State is also concerned with socioeconomic growth, especially at the grassroots.

    “We wish to acknowledge the impact your administration is having on the IGR fortunes of the State. Oyo State is currently ranked among the top ten states in total revenue generated, with a 2024 IGR performance of N65.28 billion. This figure reflects a growth of 23.78 per cent over the 2023 collection.”

    Putting the revenue generation strides of the state in proper perspective, Mr Femi Awakan, Executive Chairman of Oyo State Internal Revenue Service, also speaking at the 157th meeting of the Joint Tax Board, said that through consistent and conscientious handling of tax matters in the state, Oyo State IGR increased from an average of N1.6 billion monthly in 2019 to an average of N8.5 billion monthly in the first quarter of 2025 and that using the 2021 annual revenue as a benchmark, it equally recorded a 58 per cent increase as of 31 December 2024.

    The major secret to the leap recorded in the state’s revenue generation is the improvement in infrastructure. Right from the outset of his administration, Makinde has been gung ho about improving the infrastructure, especially roads, because of his belief that “where roads go, development follows.”

    He has been able to connect all the zones in the state with good road networks. Through the Moniya-Iseyin road, Ibadan zone has been connected to the Oke-Ogun zone; through the Oyo-Iseyin road, Oyo zone has been linked to Oke-Ogun zone; through the Iseyin-Fapote-Ogbomoso road, Ogbomoso zone is linked to Oke-Ogun zone; and through the ongoing Ido-Eruwa road, Ibadan zone is linked to Ibarapa zone. The administration is currently fixing the Iseyin-Saki road, a federal government road, with a view to alleviating the problem encountered by commuters of the road.

    Beyond the ease of movement which the road networks guarantee, by connecting all the zones in the state, Makinde has deliberately unleashed the economic potential of each of the zones and has set the state on the path of long-lasting economic growth. Before connecting the zones, the bulk of Oyo State’s revenue was from Ibadan zone. But with the linkage, all the zones are positioned to contribute to the state coffers.

    With the near completion of inter-zone connectivity, the governor moved to the intra-city roads. In Ibadan, the state capital, the Seyi Makinde administration has over 100 kilometres of completed and ongoing feeder road projects in Ibadan Zone. According to the governor, Oyo and Ogbomoso zones are the next in line for intra-city road construction.

    Construction of the Rasidi Ladoja Circular Road is ongoing with the hope that it will reach 70 per cent completion before the expiration of the governor’s tenure. Altogether, the administration has completed almost 500kilometres of roads.

    In the same vein, the upgrade of the Ladoke Akintola Airport to international standard is ongoing. The airport will be fully ready by the third quarter of 2026.

    As a consequence of the various infrastructure interventions of the state government, the number of enterprises within the state has grown to 1,872,941 with the bulk of them in the capital city. This is one of the reasons a United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) research ranked Ibadan as the second fastest growing city in Africa, citing industrialisation, urbanisation and economic activities as reasons for the growth.

    Another leg of the state’s economic expansion is agribusiness.

    Oyo State Agriculture Development Programme (OYSADEP), which came on stream in 1989, was established to boost the state agricultural production by strengthening agricultural services through unified extension services and On Farm Adaptive Research (OFAR) as well as intensifying the provision of inputs and capacity of Cooperative Financing Agencies (CFAs) for rural savings and mobilization. Thus, the focus of OYSADEP was the smallholder farmer. The programme did well to support smallholder farmers by providing extension services for them. The impact of this reflected in their output. However, the OYSADEP intervention did not result in the optimization of agriculture as the business side was largely ignored. To correct this, shortly after his assumption of office, Makinde came up with the idea of leveraging agribusiness to improve the fortunes of the state. Therefore, the government rested OYSADEP but migrated its agricultural extension functions to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. The government then inaugurated the Oyo State Agribusiness Development Agency (OYSADA) to create an enabling environment for agribusinesses to thrive by supporting infrastructure development and policy formulation. The agency is also to develop agricultural hubs which would be homes to all elements of the agri-food value chain with a view to driving industrialization and growing the economy.

    That tweak in agricultural policy has attracted development funds of over $180 million into the state. In addition, over N50 billion worth of investments came into the state as a result of the policy shift. Similarly, since the policy redirection, new companies such as Psaltery, the first company of its kind in Africa, which processes cassava products into sorbitol; Rontol Farms in Ilora, which also processes cassava and the Oyo Sugarcane Processors Ltd, among others, have sprouted in the state. In the same vein, Niji Farms, which runs one of the largest agricultural fabrication centres in the South West, has moved its operations from Lagos to Oyo State. Fasola Farm Estate, which had been reduced to a jungle pre-1999, has been transformed into an industrial hub, which houses 14 leading operators in the agricultural sector.

    The governor’s decision to push agribusiness has paid off with the African Development Bank (AfDB) designating the Hub as the first Special Agro-Industrial Processing Zone (SAPZ) in Nigeria.

    To avail other zones of the state of the benefits of agribusiness, Oyo State Government is working on the upgrade of the 3,250 hectares Eruwa Farm Settlement to an Agribusiness Industrial Hub. Similarly, the government is working on establishing a Rungis-style Farmers’ Wholesale Market in Ijaiye Farm Settlement to create a ready market for wholesale agricultural produce from the state.

    In addition to unleashing the state’s potentiality for revenue generation through agribusiness, Makinde has also empowered smallholder farmers to increase food production and ensure food security in the state. The Makinde administration came up with the tractorisation subsidy policy, through which the state government defrays 50 percent of the cost of hiring tractors to clear farmlands for farmers. This automatically reduces farmers’ cost of doing business.

    To improve farmers’ output, the government also recently launched a comprehensive digital soil testing initiative across 100 communities in the state. The scheme is designed to provide farmers with precise soil data, which will enable them to maximize their farming practices and increase productivity.

    Oyo State Government has similarly provided agricultural inputs to farmers across the state. Over 10,000 farmers from all the 33 Local Government Areas in the state have benefited from agricultural input distribution carried out in four phases with each of them receiving 40 bundles of cassava stems and 16kg of improved Premiere maize seeds. These are special inputs that guarantee maximum yields. Each of the farmers also got one knapsack sprayer, 20gm Atrazine, one bottle of Zeetact herbicide as well as 16gm of Emmamectin and one liter of Kombat Insecticide to protect their crops against invasion of destructive insects.

    To ensure that nothing hinders the productivity of the farmers, Oyo State Government also provided 21,000 bags of fertilisers to 10,500 farmers.

    To ensure farmers’ liquidity, the state government, as part of the Sustainable Actions for Economic Recovery (SAfER), supported over 3,000 farmers with a sum of N1billion as agric credit loan through the Oyo State Agricultural Credit Corporation. Qualified farmers had access to between N250,000 and N1 million based on the size of their farms to improve their farming enterprise.

    As the government is supporting crop farmers, so does it also support non-crop farmers. A total of 2,660 poultry farmers across the state have each been given eight bags of 50kg of maize grain, a total of 1,000 fish farmers across the state were each given three bags of fish feeds, no fewer than 1,008 swine farmers across the state have benefited from the free distribution of 100kg bags of palm-kernel cakes and two jars of Agrichlor disinfectants each all of which have enhanced their capacity and boosted their productivity.

    There has also been a statewide free vaccination of 250,000 sheep/goats and 120,000 cattle with application of anthrax and CBPP vaccines respectively. 

    Oyo State has also been deploying solid minerals as an economic pillar. This is sequel to the promise made by Makinde during the 2023 electioneering to use solid minerals and tourism to expand the economy. The state is endowed with many solid minerals such as lithium, gold, marble, gemstones, iron ore, tantalite, kaolin and talc. With the large deposits of these minerals as well as their high quality, the state stands a chance of grossing a tidy sum annually from them.

    On October 24, 2023, Makinde signed an Executive Order to create a structure for the solid mineral sector with a view to taking care of the interests of all stakeholders, especially the host communities and the environment. With the structure in place, the state has been attracting serious-minded investors in that sector.

    Similarly, the state has been relying on tourism to widen the economy. To turn the state’s cultural heritage and tourist attractions into revenue-generating entities, Makinde, on October 24, 2023, signed an executive order to create the Ministry of Culture and Tourism following the excising of same from the Ministry of Information. The whole essence of the executive order is to empower the new Ministry of Culture and Tourism to institute a structure and facilitate the development of the infrastructure that would boost tourism in the state.

    Oyo is the home of culture and the habitation of some jaw-dropping wonders of the world. But these had hitherto not really contributed much to the economic development of the state. However, with the decision of Governor Makinde to make tourism an economic pillar, the tide is beginning to change. Already, investors are showing interest in some of the state’s heritages. In December 2023, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) inscribed Sango Festival, which brings all Yoruba sons and daughters at home and in the Diaspora together in Oyo Town, on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, putting it on the same pedestal as the Rio Carnival. Now, plans are underway to upgrade Agodi Botanical Garden, Eleyele Waterfront and the Iyake Suspended Lake to international standard.  Not only will all of these push up the state’s tourism revenue, they will also create business and employment opportunities for thousands of Oyo State residents.

    As a result of the government’s efforts at promoting tourism, the number of registered hospitality ventures comprising hotels, night clubs, event centers, eateries/restaurants and tour operators rose from 1,328 in December 2019 to 12,128 in 2025.

    So, for thousands of new business owners in the state, for thousands of business owners whose enterprises have grown because of the policies put in place by the Makinde administration, for the thousands of Oyo State residents employed by private business owners in the state, for thousands of farmers who have benefitted from the various interventions of the Makinde-led administration, the answer to the Reagan Question is: We are better off now than we have ever been.  

    Oyo State Government under the leadership of Seyi Makinde has employed the highest number of workers in the history of the state.

    In his first term, he employed 5,000 secondary school teachers in one fell swoop. However, if Governor Makinde was zealous about job creation in his first term, he has taken it a notch higher in his second term. In a spate of 180 days, Makinde gave approval for the recruitment of about 30,000 personnel to various ministries, agencies and departments of Oyo State Government.

    It started in July 2024 with the recruitment of 500 officers and men for the Oyo State Road Traffic Management Authority (OYRTMA). This was followed with the recruitment of 561 Amotekun operatives. Then the state government, through the Oyo State Universal Basic Education Board, employed 5,600 primary school teachers and 80 caregivers to shore up the personnel requirement of primary schools in the state. The governor also approved the recruitment of 7,500 teachers as well as 3,000 non-teaching staff for secondary schools in the state.

    The state government later set in motion the process of employing about 3,933 workers for the state’s Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs). In addition to the PHC workers, the state government has also employed 12 consultants, 28 doctors, eight pharmacists, six physiotherapists, 170 nurses, three pharmacist technicians, eight medical laboratory scientists and 80 other health workers. The state also recruited 791 people to fill the vacant positions in the mainstream civil service. The governor similarly approved the conversion of local government ad-hoc staff to permanent staff.

    So, for the over 35,000 recently persons employed by the state government, the answer to the Reagan Question is: We are better off now than we were six years ago. Ditto for civil servants who have had their salaries paid promptly, their leave bonuses paid on time and their promotions effected without delay.

    The Makinde administration has not left out pensioners from its distribution of dividends of democracy.

    On February 13, 2025, pensioners from all the geopolitical zones of Oyo State thronged the Governor’s Office, Secretariat, Agodi, Ibadan, in their hundreds to express their appreciation to the state governor for turning around their fortunes through the review of pensions in the state.

    The pensioners, under the aegis of the Nigeria Union of Pensioners (NUP), Oyo State Council, stated that the review had made Oyo State pensioners the highest paid state pensioners in the federation. They also thanked the governor for the approval of N25,000 as minimum pension to the least paid pensioner, the factoring of 33 per cent pension increase of 2010, the consequential adjustment of 2019, 20 per cent of pension increase and part of N32,000 minimum wage across board for Oyo State pensioners.

    For the almost 100,000 pensioners in Oyo State, the answer to the Reagan Question is: We are better off now than we were six years ago.

    Despite Makinde’s zealousness and single-mindedness about developing Oyo State, one thing that has stood out his administration is compassion and his knack for placing people above projects.

    When work was about to start on a section of the Rasidi Ladoja Circular Road, and some houses were marked for demolition, affected property owners cried out to the government for mercy. The governor directed the ministry in charge to stay action on the demolition, adding that the existing houses along the corridor would be integrated into the Circular Road corridor, rather than be demolished.

    Makinde, who gave the directive while addressing property owners at the Oyo State Government Secretariat, explained that his administration had not acquired any land on the corridor, stating that while the former Governors Lam Adesina and Rasidi Ladoja set the 150-metre mark, the administration of former Governor Abiola Ajimobi acquired and gazetted additional 350metres.

    The state government’s junction improvement project at Agodi Gate affected many street traders as the area where they had illegally assembled to ply their trade over the years was taken over by the government. The government built a market and a park at the place. While commissioning the projects, Governor Seyi Makinde announced that the 700 stalls would be given out to street traders free of charge. The only thing he demanded of them was that the place be kept clean.

    When on January 16, 2024, an explosion at Dejo Oyelese Close at Bodija, Ibadan, resulted in the death of five people, the injury of many and the destruction of 77 buildings and other things, Governor Makinde rose to the occasion. The governor visited the place that night, condoled with the affected people as well as other residents and directed that the medical bills of the injured be undertaken by the state, while also providing temporary accommodation for those whose buildings were destroyed. The governor also approved the disbursement of N4.8bn to the victims of the mishap.

    So, for thousands of people who have been given a new lease of life or have been helped out of difficult situations by the Makinde administration, their answer to the Reagan Question is: We are better off today than we were six years ago.

    For the majority of Oyo State residents, Makinde is a leader who has made democracy worth the while of the people. He is seen as a leader who uses the power vested in him, not against the people but for the benefit of the people, a leader who is determined to leave the people and the state better than he met both. Hence, the bond between Makinde and the people keeps getting stronger because on a daily basis, more people see reasons to support the governor’s developmental strides.

  • Geopolitics: When opportunity knocks

    Geopolitics: When opportunity knocks

    By Timothy Ash

    All the focus at present is on the on-going war between Israel and Iran, but this just reminds us again of the importance of geopolitics and its ability to impact on markets and the global economy.

    Uncertainty and risks are back with us. The fear is that we see escalation, with potentially devastating impacts on global markets. For example, if we see regional energy sector assets subject to attack, the closing of the Straits of Hormuz could see a repeat of events in the 1970s with potential for an oil price shock to the global economy?

    Markets have a difficulty in figuring out geopolitics, and we saw the impact of that with Putin’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, when the market was largely unprepared and the result was a big move in global markets, a further inflation shock, higher central bank policy rates in response and a negative hit to global growth.

    Explanations as to why markets struggle with geopolitics are varied but I think it is partly the fact that geopolitics is a multidisciplinary subject, often involving foreign affairs, but understanding domestic factors influencing decision making in a range of countries, defense and security, even environmental issues, geography, economics, trade, markets, and now cyber and AI looking forward. There are many moving parts, and few people have all the tools to accurately call events.

    I think also in markets, and analysis, there is often a desire to see the glass half full, hope for the best, and not want to think about the uncomfortable and difficult to fathom results of out-of-the-box or black swan events. A bias to mean reversion when, actually politics globally appear to be going the other way, with more extremism, and likely more extreme, even systemic risks looming.

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    Often, I also think there is a bias to think that we all share the same information set, have the same objectives and apply the same kind of logic. That’s a mistake, I think, if we look back at Putin’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, as one example. think also people ignore the impact of “opportunity” in the decisions that our leaders make.

    Just explaining all that around Putin’s decision to invade Ukraine. I think most people failed to understand the existential importance of Ukraine to Putin, and what he was willing to sacrifice in his decision to invade.

    Most outside observers heard the warnings of crippling Western sanctions on Russia and assumed that Putin would not be crazy enough to risk the Russian economy in order to invade and capture Ukraine. But for Putin, Ukraine was an important enough prize to take that very risk.

    We could also argue that he had a different information set or evaluated the risks differently – either he did not expect aggressive Western sanctions or, even if he did, he had spent the last decade building up Russian buffers, and assumed they provided enough insulation, should he decide (I would argue he decided long before) to invade.

    But for Putin the opportunity presented itself in 2022. He saw the West as weak and divided, with limited military capability to intervene on Ukraine’s part. The US withdrawal from Afghanistan sent a signal that the Biden administration was weak and uninterested in foreign military adventures.

    He saw himself as having leverage on Europe as it remained reliant on Russia for energy supplies – and he had spent the past twenty years buying and corrupting Western politicians and interests. On the issue of energy, he saw the energy card as potentially weakening with the carbon transition – the longer he left it, the weaker his leverage over Europe would become. He saw the Ukrainian military as relatively weak still, but rebuilding – and the longer he left it, the greater defense capability they would present, and more able to resist invasion.

    And he still thought the Russian military were capable and had overwhelming superiority over its Ukrainian counterpart. For Putin, it was a now-or-never moment – in his mind, the stars aligned in 2022.

    Others (not yours truly – I argued back as far as 2015 that a defining war between Ukraine and Russia was inevitable) simply failed to see that, or did not want to see the obvious. The obvious being the huge Russian troop build-up in 2021 and then early in 2022, and Putin even writing his essay in mid-2021 on why Ukraine was not really a state, and Russia and Ukraine were one nation. He even spelt out – quite literally – what was coming.

    One might also look at Azerbaijan’s defining wars with Armenia in 2000 and then 2023, the latter in particular reflected opportunity. Opportunity from the fact that Russia, which had a security alliance with Armenia, was tied up in Ukraine and had little military capability to intervene against Azerbaijan, and its military backer, Turkey, which Russia needed to maintain access to markets given Western sanctions. But also, the opportunity provided by technology, and the advantage provided by Turkish drones. Relating all this now to events in the Middle East – and drivers for events from Oct. 7, at least. First, Israeli PM, Netanyahu needed an opportunity to turn the news cycle against his own political and legal problems building up to Oct. 7. This could have been a political disaster for him, given criticism of the lack of preparedness of Israel for that attack – on Netanyahu’s watch.

    But events of October 7 provided an opportunity for Netanyahu by removing the constraints on Israel for military campaigns, against Hamas in Gaza, in the West Bank, in Lebanon, Syria and now Iran. Fortunately for Netanyahu, the Biden administration was weak, going into a difficult election. Biden faced internal pressure from the left of the party, more pro-Palestinian in orientation, and this forced Biden to adopt a much more hawkish pro-Israeli line. It gave Netanyahu almost Carte blanche to act in Gaza et al, with the one constraint then being not to escalate to an all-out war with Iran – Biden did not want higher oil prices as he headed to elections. But that removed the constraints on Netanyahu elsewhere – Gaza, West Bank, Lebanon et al.

    And technology added to the opportunity for Netanyahu – which we saw in the pager attacks in Lebanon against Hezbollah, but also now against Iran proper. The same Western technological advantage seen in Ukraine – third generation NATO kit, beating fourth generation Russian kit, plus use of drones, AI et al, is also playing out for Israel against Iran.

    Netanyahu escalated to attack Iran over the past few weeks not because Iran was closer to moving to build a nuclear weapon but because events and technology, and Iran’s own weakness, presented him with an opportunity for an all-out victory.

    This was not about taking out the latent, but not real, nuclear threat but about removing a long-term strategic threat from Iran to Israel, and it’s about regime change. The opportunity was just too good for Netanyahu not to let up on.

    Now we can debate whether or not the Trump administration was involved or supportive of the decision by Israel to strike. But whether it knew, or approved or not of the attacks, I think Netanyahu knew that this US administration contains so many ardent religious supporters of Israel, that whatever it did, there would be no sanction on Israel for its actions. And understanding the egotistical personality of Trump, he knew that as long as the mission was successful – which he was sure of – that Trump would eventually fall in line, and behind Israel, as he has done so far.

    Now as events are transpiring, it seems that Israel does not quite have the military capacity to take Iran’s full nuclear capacity out, or to deliver regime change given the Islamic regime is entrenched, and has durability built over many years of being tested by the U.S. and its allies, plus Iraq under Saddam.

    Netanyahu needs the US to complete the job – albeit it is unclear whether regime change will produce a better, more sustainable long-term outlook, and the experience there from US past intervention in Iran, Iraq, Libya, Syria, etc., is not good.

    The question is whether Trump will join Israel now in its fight with Iran.Will the U.S. get involved?

    Trump’s America First mantra for MAGA suggests no more foreign adventures. And this week, the likes of Bannon, Carlson, Gabbard, et al have pleaded with Trump to hold fire, and not get dragged into another Iraq.

    But I sense here that Trump cannot help himself – and Netanyahu is playing to Trump’s ego. Likely the pitch from Netanyahu to Trump will be that this can be his place in history. By providing a limited military intervention, with limited risks given the Islamic Republic is on its last legs, Trump can save the world from Iran’s nuclear threat and free Iran of a brutal regime. It can be final payback for the Iran embassy hostage siege, for the US embassy in Lebanon and marine barracks bombings.

    And while Trump’s peace efforts in Ukraine and Gaza are failing, Netanyahu will be presenting this as low hanging fruit and an opportunity for Trump, gifted to him by Netanyahu himself. Meanwhile, the Christian fundamentalists in the GOP, and the Iran hawks will be lobbying aggressively for Trump to seize the opportunity.

    Can he resist in favor of cutting a diplomatic deal with Iran, which might fall short of the mark, and leave him open to criticism that TACO – that Trump had the ability to end Iran’s nuclear program once and for all, and to bring down the regime, a long run enemy of the US, and he bottled it?

    I have my doubt, the opportunity, or temptation just looks too enticing for Trump.

    •            This article was first published in www.kyivpost.com

  • Addressing security challenges through constitutional amendment

    Addressing security challenges through constitutional amendment

    As the nation grapple with series of security challenges, there has been clamour for various reforms to enhance the workings of the nation’s security personnel. Some, including state governors, legislators and many Nigerians alike have advocated for the establishment of state police, while some others have argued against it for fear of abuse. The 10th House of Representatives have introduced a new dimension to the review system, bringing together security chiefs to make their own input into the constitution review process. TONY AKOWE reports.

    Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, the Nigerian constitution has gone through five different alterations by the National Assembly. However, for the first time, the National Assembly, especially the House of Representatives are putting the security agencies into consideration why trying to amend the constitution. Although the 10th House of Representatives has promised to deliver a new constitution by December 2025, they have brought the security agencies in the country into the picture. The aim, according to Benjamin Kalu, Deputy Speaker and Chairman of the House Committee on Constitution Review is to get the views of the security chief on areas they need constitutional amendment to enhance their operations. He said the central aim he said is to synthesize and collate, directly from the security chiefs who are the key actors in the national security architecture, their candid perspectives on the “sickness” in the constitution that impedes the effective delivery of their mandates.

    He said “over the years, laws have been crafted on various aspects of national life, including security governance, often without a proper diagnosis of the real gaps and challenges as experienced by those on the frontline. To proceed with constitutional amendments without first hearing from you would be akin to a medical doctor prescribing treatment without a thorough diagnosis or treating a patient without listening to their symptoms. As legislators, we recognize that the work of parliament is much like that of a physician: we must depend on accurate laboratory diagnosis to prescribe the right medication to cure an ailment. We are here to listen to you, those who wear the shoes and know exactly where it pinches. Whether the issues are rooted in inter-agency harmonization, command authority, intelligence coordination, or other critical aspects, your insights are indispensable. You, our security sector stakeholders, are best positioned to articulate the constitutional and operational bottlenecks that hinder your effectiveness.”

    He said the outcome of the dialogue will help the legislators to make an informed decision in the course of the review of the constitution. To the Deputy Speaker, the overall objective of the dialogue aimed to advance the ongoing Constitution Review process, focusing on security and policing reforms, facilitate inter-agency collaboration for a unified approach to national security, discuss and refine legislative proposals, particularly those on state policing and intelligence coordination, enhance border security strategies and promote regional stability and encourage robust public engagement and stakeholder input. He said “Our commitment is to first diagnose, by gathering your experiential knowledge, institutional challenges, and actionable recommendations. Only then can we, as legislators, responsibly frame the “prescriptions”: the constitutional amendments and legislative reforms necessary to address these challenges. Importantly, this is not a one-off event. Before the finalization of the constitution review process, we will return to you, the stakeholders, to review the proposed prescriptions, collate further feedback, and ensure that the final version of the constitution truly reflects the needs and realities of Nigeria’s security sector. This approach ensures that the solutions we design are comprehensive, inclusive, and sustainable. The legislature, as we always say, is the solution hub for the hydra-headed problems facing our country. Through this collaborative, diagnostic approach, we aim to craft a legislative framework that delivers long-lasting national solutions”.

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    This view is also held by Speaker of the House, Abbas Tajudeen who stressed the urgent need to review existing laws, close and streamline overlapping one and enact new ones to strengthen and reposition the security architecture to be able to confront existing and emerging security challenges that now threaten the nation. The Speaker said the complex and dynamic nature of the security challenges facing the nation demands new approaches and strategies that are multi-dimensional, adaptable, inclusive, and technology-driven. He said these new approaches and strategies must be backed by legal and institutional frameworks that would ensure enhanced capacity, capability, and competence for overall effectiveness. He stressed the need to deepen discussions on the constitution review by focusing on how best to achieve comprehensive security and policing reforms, improve cooperation and coordination between security agencies, enhance border security for national and regional stability as well as make inputs into proposed security related bills including the bill that seeks to establish state police.

    Speaker Abbas said further that terrorism, banditry, piracy, militancy, and oil theft in different parts of the country combined to make life difficult for Nigerians. We therefore resolved to take the necessary legislative measures that would support the government’s drive to end insecurity. He also reiterate the need for renewed attention on House Bill 617, which supports the creation of state policing systems. This topical issue continues to generate public interest and concern. H also spoke on the need to enhance border security saying “the issue of border security is also critical and needs urgent legislative attention. The porous nature of Nigeria’s expansive border makes it vulnerable to crime and criminality. Although we have enacted the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons Law, 2024, legislation on border security is necessary to strengthen this law and make it more effective. Stronger legal support in these and other critical areas can improve safety and give our people more confidence in our security agencies. Community involvement is also key to making our country safer. Security is not just the job of the military or the police; it is the collective responsibility of all Nigerians. Therefore, our reforms must reflect the voices of everyday Nigerians, and this justifies the importance of this dialogue. I am confident that the outcomes of this dialogue will meet our collective expectations”.

    President Bola Ahmed Tinubu admitted that the country stand at the crossroads of constitutional responsibility and national necessity. The President said “for decades, our Constitution has served as the bedrock of our democracy. Yet, the pace of change in technology, in the complexity of security threats, and in the dynamics of our federal structure has far outstripped the capacity of some constitutional provisions”. He said the time has come to realign Nigeria’s security architecture with her live realities, saying “our national experience has shown that neither centralisation nor fragmentation alone can secure the vast and diverse territory of Nigeria. The growing agitation for State Police, the complex demands of cybersecurity, and the urgent need for efficient intelligence sharing among agencies all point to one truth: our constitutional framework must evolve or risk becoming a danger to the very unity it was meant to protect”. The President said consensus security in the 21st century is cooperative, not competitive, adding that “terrorism in the North East, banditry in the North West, piracy in the Gulf of Guinea, farmer-herder clashes in the Middle Belt, and separatist agitations in the South East all share one characteristic: they transcend the capacity of any single agency or tier of government. This is why this dialogue is timely. It offers an opportunity to entrench constitutional provisions that encourage real-time intelligence sharing, joint operations planning, and unified strategic responses. As the commander-in-chief of our armed forces has emphasised repeatedly, security agencies must act as one, united in purpose, coordinated in action”.

    He said further that through enhanced intelligence fusion, joint task force operations, and synchronised air and ground offensives, Nigeria’s security forces have successfully dismantled several terrorist camps in the North-East, dislodged criminal enclaves in the North-West, and reduced incidents of piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. This integrated approach has led to a noticeable reduction in high-profile kidnappings and bandit attacks, with improved responses to cross-border threats, demonstrating the effectiveness of a whole-of-government strategy in safeguarding national security.”

    Chief of Defence Staff, Gen. Christopher Musa is worried that security agencies are impeded in their operation by certain legal constraints, saying as security threats continue to evolve, ranging from terrorism and insurgency, cyber warfare and hybrid threat,  it has  become imperative that a legal and institutional framework  evolves in tandem. General Musa stressed the need for a more robust, agile, and responsive national security system, adding that the Armed Forces of Nigeria is presently operating with a legal structure that is increasingly inadequate to address the complex future environment in which it function, saying “Our current laws were not designed to support the potential welfare of communities, particularly as we achieve threats and non-trivial future engagements. Operational ambiguities regarding command authority, undefined arrest and detention procedures during internal operations and traditional overlaps with other security agencies are adversely affected by efficiency and operational coherence.  These are concerns that have practical implications on mission success and the safety of our citizens. Therefore, Legislative reforms, particularly to the Armed Forces Act and key sections of the Constitution are not just overdue, but are critical.  They must be pursued with urgency and clarity of purpose”. He highlight some key legislative areas where reform is urgently required to include the recognition of modern security threats, including terrorism, cyber warfare, and misuse of digital platforms. The review he said should “consider the establishment of a field court martial and a sitting court martial in all military divisions and commands for speedy justice and accountability and the creation of a permanent commercial tribunal within each military division to ensure consistent access to justice. In the same vein, we advocate for explicit constitutional recognition of court-martial as superior courts of record, with concurrent judicial powers alongside federal and state high courts. This review should also consider empowering the armed forces to detain and investigate suspects during internal operations. This will reduce delay and enhance efficiency of kinetic and non-kinetic efforts.  Furthermore, the Nigerian Navy should be constitutionally authorized to collaborate with the Nigerian Customs and Immigration Service along the inland waterways to combat piracy and smuggling challenges, which remain persistent in our coastal and riverine areas. We also recommend the introduction of the merit-based selection process where the Chief of Defense staff provide three nominees per service to the President for appointment. This will foster transparency, professionalism, and constitutional continuity. We also propose the insertion of a clause enabling court-martial to try individuals captured in act of terrorism and insurrection under martial law conditions.  This will streamline the justice process in hiring scenarios and a high-stake authority”. The security chief said security is not merely about boots on the ground or advanced system.  It is also about the strength of our law, the clarity they bring, and the power they confer,  and the protection they guarantee”

    The National Security Adviser, Mallam Nuhu Ribadu said security and constitutional order are inseparable, adding that resilient, inclusive and forward-looking constitution is one of our most effective tools in preventing the conditions that give rise to insecurity.  Ribadu said “the constitution is not just a legal document.  It is the bedrock of national unity, justice and stability.  In our diverse and complex society. The constitution must continue to evolve to reflect the hope, and challenges of the Nigerian people.  At the Office of National Security Advisor, we understand that addressing national security requires more than just a kinetic approach.  It involves addressing grievances, protecting human rights, fostering trust between citizens and the state and ensuring that every Nigerian, regardless of ethnicity, religion, or region, feels a sense of belonging.  These are all constitutional issues.  I commend the National Assembly and all stakeholders here today for initiating this dialogue. It is only through inclusive, consultative, and transparent processes such as this that we can truly build a constitution that strengthens our federation and enhances our national security”. 

    While drawing a nexus between economic crimes and terrorism financing, Minister of Interior, Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo said “most of what we have in Nigeria today is economic crime. Most of these people they come to Nigeria to kidnap, raise funds to be able to fund insecurity in neighboring countries. So, there is a lot we need to do. If we continue to pay lip service, we don’t really look at the issues on ground, we will just be joking. Again, in reviewing our laws, we can’t deal with insecurity and not talk of terrorism financing. We must look at the EFCC Act and strengthen it. We must look at the issue of our border. Nigeria is at a point now that the US was before 9/11 attack. After the attack, the US sat down. They looked at emerging threat. When we talk about internal security, the first thing that come to mind is the military. That is a sign of failure of our internal security agencies. Let’s tell ourselves the truth. For me, the police in terms of adequate funding, I do not see a reason why the police should even rely on budgetary allocation. When you are fighting internal security, you must mobilize your citizens. We must sit down and look at our laws. With the attention we are paying to cyber security, we are still living 20 years behind.  You cannot continue to run a cyber security architecture on an ad hoc arrangement. There must be proper security framework. Let us look wholistically at our challenges. Let us anticipate broadly. Look ahead. Look at emerging security threats and proffer solutions to them.”

    The EFCC Chairman, Ola Olukoyede pick holes in the border control system of the country which allow the entering of illegal aliens into the country to operate freely. He disclosed that just recently, the commission arrested about 194 foreigners in one single operation at a building in Lagos for various offenses, adding that investigation revealed that about 15 of those arrested were ex-convict from their own countries.

    He said 50 of those arrested have already been convicted by the court and have started serving their sentence, stressing the need to focus on emerging security challenges, while also amending the nation’s laws to remove operational challenges faced by agencies in carrying out their responsibilities and prosecuting offenders.

    State Police

    The President also join the debate for state police. He said the debate over State Police is no longer theoretical. It is grounded in the daily fears and lived anxieties of Nigerians. According to him, “farmers afraid to tend their fields, traders unsure of safe passage, and communities abandoned to self-help”. He said the dialogue between the lawmakers and security operatives “must courageously interrogate the constitutional shifts required to move policing from the Exclusive List to the Concurrent List, enabling States with capacity to assume greater responsibility for their own security, while preserving national cohesion. We must learn from global best practices, adapting decentralised policing models that enhance local accountability without sacrificing national oversight”.

    The Inspector General of Police, Kayode Egbetokun believe that there was no need to amend the constitution to allow for state police. He believe that instead of having state-controlled police which can be abused, there was the need to strengthen the Nigeria Police and well-funded to carry out its constitutional responsibility. The Police boss the Nigerian Police Force is constitutionally established under section 214(1) of the 1999 constitution as amended, which provides that “there shall be a police force for Nigeria which shall be known as the Nigerian police force and subject to the provisions of this section, no other police force shall be established for the federation  or any part thereof.  Furthermore, section 215(1) provides for the appointment of the Inspector General of Police by the President on the advice of the Nigerian Police Council.  It also places the operational command and administration of the force under the leadership of Inspector Gener of Police. These constitutional provisions make clear the centralized character of policing in Nigeria and the operational authority entrusted to the Inspector General of Police under the supervision of the President and Police Council.

    He said “one of the most pressing and controversial issues under discussion today is the proposal to amend the constitution to allow for the establishment of state police, including the evaluation of HB 617, which seeks to provide legislative authority for this. Let me state  unequivocally that the National Police Force  acknowledges the rationale  behind the demand  for state police,  including the desire  for locally responsive policing,  quicker reaction to community-level threats,  and decentralized law enforcement presence. However, our assessment based on current political, institutional and social economic realities suggests that Nigeria is not yet decisively or politically prepared for the initialization of police powers to the state level. Key concerns include the possibility of political misuse of police powers at the state level, lack of funding capacity by most states to maintain and equip a state control force, the potential for fragmentation of national security, intelligence and command,  the absence  of a regulatory architecture  to ensure standard  and operational cohesion. Instead of fragmenting our policy authority, we propose that the focus of constitutional  and legislative reform  be directed towards  strengthening the Nigerian Police Force  through improved funding  and autonomy, establish state and community policing frameworks under the Nigerian Police Force’s provision,  standardize recruitment, training,  and discipline across any policing  functions. We urge the National Assembly  to consider legislative reforms  that prioritize enhanced  federal policing capacity  while allowing  for structured auxiliary support  from sub-national units  under strict  constitutional  and operational  safeguards”. 

  • Inter-Agency Unity: The power of collective action in national security

    Inter-Agency Unity: The power of collective action in national security

    By Tunde Ogunsakin

    There is no doubt that maintaining internal security in any country is a collective responsibility and the need for synergy among distinct security bodies cannot be overemphasized. Maintaining internal security is fundamentally anchored on maintaining inter-agency unity which means cordial relationships and cooperation among security agencies. It is quite apparent that each of the component elements of security agencies in Nigeria has a different, but complementary role to play.

    Inter-agency unity refers to the collaboration and coordination among different agencies, organizations or departments to achieve common goals. The power of collective action is significant as it can lead to more effective solutions, improved resource allocation and enhanced problem-solving capabilities.

    According to Weiss (1987), inter-agency unity exists when two or more organizations/agencies that share a problem area agree to deal with the issue by establishing a link via a formal contract that provides for resources and for the adjusting of internal and/or external procedures to support the new arrangements adequately.

    Inter-agency unity is a vital mechanism for managing conflicts and containing insecurity. Several successes have been recorded in the sphere of inter-agency unity; this is because each of the security agencies has a unique capability and operational skills that can complement one another, and the Nigerian situation cannot be an exception.

    The essence of inter-agency unity can be outlined to include: the need for security synergy and exchange of ideas and information among security agencies; to create a platform for collective networking and planning of security activities, thereby building a database for preventive action; to provide a forum for the analysis of conflict indicators and processing of security-related information for early warnings and timely response; and to serve as a channel for the dissemination of security reports to all stakeholder’s efforts.

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    Inter-agency unity in Nigeria has become necessary because one or more agencies has not been performing its responsibilities optimally considering the ever-increasing and dynamic security challenges. The combination of two or more hands has become necessary. A government agency may be willing to perform its responsibilities effectively but may be constrained due to the huge cost of running these agencies. However, concerted efforts have been known to produce maximal results in this regard.

    In appraising the roles of the different security agencies, it would be justified to state that if these constitutional roles are well played, especially in cooperation in the spirit of inter-agency unity, crimes, criminalities and violent conflicts in the society will be minimal.

    Although, there has been a continuous emphasis on the essence of interagency unity, however, nothing appears to have changed in the level of un-cooperativeness among the agencies. This situation calls for the urgent action of the top echelon of all the security agencies in order to ensure national security and achieve maximum results in the security management of the country.

    The core security institutions charged with the responsibility of ensuring security are: Nigeria Police Force; Nigeria Security & Civil Defence Corps; Nigerian Army; Nigerian Navy; Nigerian Air Force; Department of State Security (DSS); Defence Intelligence Agency; National Intelligence Agency (NIA); Nigerian Customs Service; Nigeria Immigration Service; National Drugs Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA); etc.

    FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST INTER-AGENCY UNITY IN NIGERIA

    Challenges to national security have expanded significantly from the traditional state-based threats of the Cold War era to include unconventional threats from non-state actors.  New threats are diffuse and ambiguous and include terrorism, cyber-attacks, drug trafficking, infectious diseases, and energy threats.

    They arise from multiple sources and—because their interrelated nature makes it difficult, if not impossible, for any single agency to effectively address them alone—they therefore require that governments enhance collaboration with intera-gency and international partners, among other actions.

    The challenges militating against inter-agency cooperation for the Armed Forces of Nigeria and other security agencies in national security operations are many, some of them are lack of strategic guidance for inter-agency cooperation, inadequate intelligence, technical equipment, and insufficient capacity for national security operations. It must also be noted that Nigeria’s porous borders facilitate the infiltration of adversaries from West Africa, which means that four countries in the region rank among the ten most terrorized globally.

    As a result of Nigeria’s porous borders, no single agency can effectively tackle the complex security issues facing the nation, which calls for deeper collaboration among security agencies. We must understand that modern security threats, and coordination influenced by technology and non-state actors, require a coordinated response to ensure national security.

    The operating environment has evolved to a point where no single service or agency can effectively and independently tackle the threats to national security. It is therefore crucial that synergy is developed with other security agencies in the implementation of the whole of societal approach to the threats.

    Where synergy is lacking among security agencies, there can never be a coordinated approach to the prevailing security challenge. In the Northeast for example, the Nigerian Air Force provides air support, aerial surveillance, casualty evacuation and logistics airlift for troops while the Nigerian Navy has deployed its Special Boat Services and operationalized its Forward Operation Base in Baga as part of the overall operations on the Lake Chad waters.

    There is also the institutional constraints. Many of the allegations leveled against security agencies and its personnel, include arbitrariness in exercising its power, corruption, perversion of justice, and delays in the administration of justice. Some of these issues can militate against inter-agency cooperation.

    Inadequate manpower due to numerous on-going operations is also a problem. The challenging security environment has necessitated numerous deployments in ongoing operations across the country. This can sometimes impede the possibility of different agencies coming together to carry out joint operations. This situation does not give effect to inter-agency unity and the gains of collective action. 

    Poor conditions and inadequate equipment constitute another factor. The poor condition of service of the average security officer and inadequate funding of agencies can also militate against inter-agency unity. Mammus (2010) asserted that the major challenge of inadequate security is the dearth of the workforce, shortage of funding, lack of logistic support and infrastructure, absence of technological equipment to cover all the areas of the state are responsible for the current state of the general national insecurity in Nigeria.

    What about absence of inter-service communication! This is required to ensure prompt command and control, and it hampers the quick relay of information among the services, especially when clashes are in the formative stages. Absence of inter-service communication hampers inter-service unity and thereby largely deprives us of the gains of collective action.

    The issue of superiority complex is also there. Sometimes, instead of emphasis being placed on the gains that can be realized from inter-agency unity, there is misplaced emphasis on one security agency being superior to the other. This does not allow for the much-needed unity that is required to bring about collaboration and synergy towards ensuring adequate security of lives and properties.

    This was enunciated by Samuel (2014) that instead of collaboration and cooperation, each attempted to see his agency as superior to another. This often stemmed from poor judgment, ignorance or/and poor training among our security agencies as to see themselves working for the same common purpose towards the overall security of the nation.

    Differences in agencies’ structures, processes, and resources can hinder successful collaboration in national security, and adequate coordination mechanisms to facilitate collaboration during national security planning and execution are not always in place.

    Also constituting a problem is a situation where personnel often lack knowledge of the processes and cultures of the agencies which they ought to collaborate with.

    THE POWER OF COLLECTIVE ACTION THROUGH INTER-AGENCY UNITY

    Available evidence indicates that poor inter-agency collaboration among Nigeria’s security institutions is one of the major factors militating against effective conflict resolution and security management in Nigeria.

    The consequences of not working effectively together culminate in increasing fear of insecurity and diminished trust in the capabilities of the security system to protect the lives and property of civilian populations across Nigeria in general and terror zones in particular.

    From Boko Haram in the Northeast, banditry and criminal kidnapping in the Northwest, secessionist agitations in the Southeast and Southwest, the security system in Nigeria is practically overstretched.

    In this situation, only the working together of the units that make up Nigeria’s security system will de-escalate conflict and neutralize security threats through complementary operations and credible intelligence sharing among others.

    CREATING STRUCTURES

    I have always been a proponent of inter-agency unity, From 2012 to 2014, as the Commissioner of Police, Special Fraud Unit in Lagos. I was able to establish collaborative efforts and synergy with numerous agencies and stakeholders. At the Special Fraud Unit, I set up a Stakeholders’ Forum comprising different individuals, corporate bodies, institutions and entities from all walks of life.

    This afforded us the opportunity to regularly brainstorm and leverage on superior knowledge and expertise in the performance of our duties. Prof Adeyemi a United Nations consultant also Dean and professor at the University of Lagos was the chairman of the stakeholders’ forum and we were able to draw from the academic perspective and integrity of investigation of cases to achieve some breakthroughs in the cases we were handling at that time.

    In 2012, sequel to a presidential directive, I conducted investigation into the Fuel Subsidy Fraud and in the course of this investigation, I collaborated with the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), The Nigerian Navy, The Nigeria Custom Service and numerous financial and regulatory bodies.

    This collaboration, in no small measure assisted me in ensuring that a thorough and in-depth investigation was conducted into the fuel subsidy fraud. I also collaborated with the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) and all the financial institutions while investigating fraud cases at the Special Fraud Unit, Lagos.

    One of the gains of collective action that is noteworthy during my tenure as the Commissioner of Police, Special Fraud Unit was the building of an Interrogation Office fully equipped with state-of–the-art technological equipment for interrogating suspects. With the assistance of the stakeholders’ forum, we built a 3-storey standard forensic investigation laboratory office with modern investigative equipment to ease the performance of our duties.

    Also, in 2014, I was the Commissioner of Police, River State Police Command where I launched serious onslaught against kidnapping and other violent crimes. I collaborated with the military and other security agencies in crime fighting. My posting then was at a time when there was upsurge in kidnapping and oil bunkering. However, through inter-agency unity, I was able to tackle the upsurge in crime at that time and there was relative peace in the state.

    Through collaborative efforts and synergy from the military and other security agencies, I also launched a programme ‘SAY NO TO KIDNAPPING’. This programme was largely very successful as it changed the mindsets of many of the youths to embrace other legitimate means of livelihood instead of embracing kidnapping and other forms of crimes.

    The programme exposed the ills of kidnapping and other criminal activities to the youths and other inhabitants of the state. Suffice it to say that through inter-agency unity, we were able to restore peace and sanity in the state as people were able to sleep with their two eyes closed.  

    In the same spirit, as an Assistant Inspector-General of Police, in 2015, I oversaw the Zone 6 Police Command in Calabar, then comprising Akwa-Ibom, Cross River, Ebonyi and Rivers State Police Commands. Through inter-agency unity with the military and other security agencies, we were able to jointly put in place new operational strategies towards the elimination of kidnapping, pipeline vandalism, crude oil theft, illegal oil refining and illegal oil bunkering and other criminal activities.

    The zeal to restore sanity in the area was so profound that I requested from the Inspector-General of Police at that time to deploy Police helicopters to my Office to join the massive onslaught against the criminals, which he graciously granted. It is heartwarming to state that the gains of our collective action through inter-agency unity in this regard were monumental. There was no hiding place for the criminals as many of them were arrested and prosecuted. 

    Furthermore, in 2016, apparently based on the enormous successes recorded as the Assistant Inspector-General of Police in charge of the Zone 6 Police Command in Calabar, I was posted as the Assistant Inspector-General of Police, in charge of the Zone 12 Police Command then comprising Bauchi State, Borno State and Yobe State Police Commands.

    On assumption of office in Bauchi, I stepped up my inter-agency unity drive which is very critical in combating terrorism and other criminal tendencies that were rife in my area of responsibility. It should be noted that the rate of insurgents’ activities in Borno and Yobe States which were under my command and control then was on the rise at that time.

    This scaled up efforts were evident in the collaboration and partnership between the Nigeria Police, the military and other security agencies; and this impacted positively on joint operations and other important assignments that were carried out while ensuring that normalcy was restored to the area.

    LESSONS FROM THE US AND OTHER CLIMES

    The 9/11 Commission observed that United States government’s single greatest failure preceding the September 11, 2001, attacks was the inability of the United States federal agencies to effectively share information about suspected terrorists and their activities.

    However, consequence upon the failure of inter- agency unity in the US which made 9/11 possible, the American security agencies came out of the ruins of the 9/11 episode stronger as there has not been any successful foreign terrorism planned attack on US soil since 9/11.  How have they done it? Let’s recall.

    Let’s recall “Operation Chevrolet,” the plot to kill Saudi ambassador to the USA. An Iranian car salesman domiciled in the USA in connection with terror merchants within Iran and in a Mexican drug cartel had planned to assassinate the ambassador in Washington at a popular upscale restaurant.

    But the unity among the security agencies of FBI, CIA, DOJ, led by the USA Terrorism Task Force put in motion a counter terrorism counter intelligence that goaded on the perpetrator and on the eve of their dastardly plans, arrested the contractor and others when his flight to Mexico from IRAN was diverted to New York. He was arrested, and charged to court and convicted with a life sentence.

    Another instance was the 2006 largest counter terrorism global inter-agency collaboration which was launched as operation “overt” involving CIA, FBI, the British intelligence crime mapping system, and M15. Through this collaboration, the telephone and email conversation of the terrorists in Britain to Pakistan and USA were monitored. The terror point was to take off at Heathrow airport. Eighteen (18) potential suicide bombers were to be distributed to nine (9) flights to destinations in USA and Canada simultaneously. Different components of the explosive devices were to be assembled inside the planes and detonated over the Atlantic

    To foil their clandestine plot, over 1000 British intelligence and surveillance officers were deployed while operatives in Pakistan were put on alert for coverts intelligence.

    As their D-Day became closer, the plotters were placed under close watch, their movements were monitored on CCTV, cameras and bugging devices were planted in their homes and cars to pick up all their conversations

    Having gathered sufficient information, the ringleader of the terror plot, Rashed Rauf, was eventually arrested by the Pakistani authorities. His arrest provided intelligence for the British crime agencies raid the homes of the terror merchants which led to the arrest of 25 of the plotters in the UK.  Details of the blueprint of the terror plots were recovered in their homes and their computers seized. There was thus enough evidence to charge them to court which -subsequently led to their conviction.

    MOVING FORWARD

    We must as a matter of urgency organize a regular leadership conference to harness our shared vision of a secured Nigeria. This leadership meetings would be expected to permeate to the states and LGAs with a view to engendering a harmonious and united workforce among all the security agencies. Inferiority complex and superiority battles between and among security agencies only aggravate the insecurity of everyone and deepens national insecurity

    We must put in place a proper Command and Control mechanism for institutionalized control mechanism that would avoid rancor within the agencies. This Command-and-Control structure will supervise and ensure proper intelligence gathering, monitoring and sharing nationwide.

    Using technology, Artificial intelligence. We must as a matter of urgency set up a criminal data base project, and merge all identification, databases NIN, passport, driver license, sim registration are identity databases linked to the NSA office and utilize facial recognition and artificial intelligence in public areas, Airports, prisons and key urban areas.

    Banditry in the Northwest has exposed how unmanned or poorly manned border zones can compromise national security. The widespread smuggling and use of illicit drugs by criminals have also been implicated as a contributor to growing security and its unfolding dynamism.

    The use of drugs by bandits, Boko Haram terrorists, kidnappers and armed robbers is no longer a secret. As of 2017, 14.3 million Nigerians between 15 and 64 years old used hard drugs such as Cannabis, Tramadol, Codeine or Morphine, and this affects the nature of criminality and conflict in Nigeria.

    That the use of these drugs continues to proliferate implies that the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, NDLEA, cannot do it alone without effectively collaborating with other security agencies.

    To leave the border posts, airports and seaports alone to the Customs and Immigration without the support and collaboration of other security agencies will amount to opening our country to terrorists, drug lords, proliferation of arms which would ultimately fall into the hands of bandits, robbers, secessionists, oil thieves etc. and create problems for other agencies.

    If other security agencies do not work with NDLEA, for instance, those who get high on drugs will deploy it to do banditry and kidnapping which will then become a problem for the police, army and NSCDC. Security agencies in Nigeria must close ranks and eliminate rivalry. Security is arrived at when every part of the security system (police, army, NSCDC, NDLEA, Immigration, Customs and others) discharges its roles efficiently and balances its weaknesses with the strength of other security agencies.

    A national policy framework on inter-agency unity/cooperation should be designed by the government for national security (national inter-agency cooperation model).

    A centralized intelligence gathering database should be provided for coordination and information dissemination among security agencies.

    Training and re-training of security personnel on security management.

    There is the need for public-private partnership and community engagement to combat general insecurity in the country

    Improvement of the general welfare of all the security forces is very essential. Good and excellent reward packages for the workforce in all the security agencies would serve as a motivating force to propel them for better performance. The quality of remuneration will mitigate frequent frictions among them, as each will focus on their duties and be ready to synergize and collaborate when the need arises.

    The mass and social media too could be of immense help by maintaining an unbiased posture and ensuring that the clashes that sometimes arise because of the conduct of security officers and men of the different security agencies are not blown or reported out of proportion to the extent of causing tension and degenerating into major inter-agency rivalry.

    For compliance with the terrorism (prevention and prohibition Act 2022), the NSA office should be a meeting point for proper coordination and collaboration and synergize for the greater purpose of ensuring the general security of the country. The NSA should develop a template for mandatory reporting. This will bridge the gap of inadequate cooperation and dissemination of information among sister agencies.

    The NSA can institute a directorate of strategic planning, communication and civil engagement with representatives from all the security agencies which will constantly engage with the populace on policies and conflict with a view to finding solutions to national security problems.

    Tied to this is the need for regular joint training, workshops and intellectual exchange among the different agencies to foster inter-agency unity and enhance better coordination during joint operations.

    Agencies can enhance and sustain their collaborative efforts by establishing compatible policies, procedures, and other means to operate across agency boundaries, among other practices.

    CONCLUSION

    There is a challenge and a big task before us all.  Inter-agency unity is not served on a platter of gold. It must be worked out knowing the gains that can accrue therefrom. Before me here are service chiefs, officers at the top echelon of respective services with very intimidating credentials. Our agencies’ missions and visions are better realized when we work together in one accord. I challenge you all to come together, notwithstanding the agency you belong to, consciously embrace one another with our common goal, security and secured nation as the only target.

    Inter-agency unity exemplifies the power of collective action, showcasing how collaborative efforts can yield benefits. By harnessing the strength of diverse organizations, a unified approach fosters innovation, effective problem solving, and resistance in addressing complete issues for successful

    inter-agency collaboration, establishing clear communication channels, mutual respect and shared objectives as a sine qua non.

    The common goal is peace and a secure nation to foster economic growth. Let us work together in the same direction to achieve peace and security as in doing so everybody (every agency) wins. Achieving peace and security should be considered a TEAMWORK because Together Everyone Achieves More. You can take the bull by the horn and put an end to interagency rivalry. The time for inter-agency unity is now.

    Being speech delivered by Tunde Ogunsakin, Assistant Inspector General of Police (Rtd) at Tansian University Umunya, Anambra State where he was awarded honorary doctorate degree for his outstanding contributions to human development in Nigerian society, on March 29, 2025.

  • Integrainium Initiative: A coordinated approach to agricultural transformation

    Integrainium Initiative: A coordinated approach to agricultural transformation

    By Dr. Femi Ogunseinde

    Integranium is a flagship, large-scale integrated programme developed by the Ministry of Finance Incorporated (MOFI) to reboot the agricultural sector.

    Focused on crop farming, livestock, and aquaculture, Integrainium will redefine preferred practices to engage various aspects of farming operations across the entire value chain, from inputs to production and to trade.

    This coordinated approach is expected to lead to a functional and up-to-date database on key farming information, improved yields, significantly reduced post-harvest losses, and well-established export programs.

    The Integrainium programme, in partnership with state governments, technical and operations service providers and farms, will initially be established in a select state within each geo-political region/zone.

    The individual programs will leverage the relative farming strengths of each state and region, eventually expanding to all states.

    The overarching goal is to deploy an updated, integrated farming practice that can exploit idle arable land to produce food for local consumption as well as exports. Its core structure will encompass various nodal stages of farming:

    Upstream: Inputs, land access, and production.

    Midstream: Harvesting, storage, and processing.

    Downstream: Sales and distribution.

    The initiative will also capitalise on other complementary programmes, such as the Special Agro Processing Zones (SAPZ) and large-scale agro-commodities hubs.

    Through this comprehensive approach, farming in Nigeria will evolve from largely subsistence farming with disjointed operations to large-scale mechanised farming.

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    To spark critical conversations around this vision, especially in the area of crop farming, MOFI has organised the Integrainium Investment Forum: Crop Farming Roundtable.

    This platform is designed to engage stakeholders on critical issues that must be addressed to enable this transformation.

    The Integrainium Investment Forum: Crop Farming Roundtable, powered by the MOFI Leadership Series, serves as a high-level, cross-functional engagement platform amongst key stakeholders who are focused on translating Nigeria’s agricultural potential into practical, scalable realities. This edition of the forum specifically focuses on Nigeria’s crop farming value chain.

    It is structured as a working session where government representatives, agribusinesses, farmers, technical services and capital providers, logistics specialists, and other key stakeholders will engage in focused conversations on challenges, models, and other investment and operational considerations.

    Why Crop Farming? Why Now?

    Nigeria’s agricultural sector, a significant contributor to the national economy, has consistently accounted for approximately 20-26 per cent of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in recent years (National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2023; International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2023). A substantial portion of Nigerian households, about 70 per cent, are actively engaged in crop farming activities (Statista, 2024).

    Despite this widespread involvement and its economic importance, the sector faces considerable challenges that hinder its overall productivity. The sector is currently held back by several factors:

    Largely subsistence farming with a yield of 2.0 tons/ha (vs 3.5 global avg). Only about one per cent of 34 million hectares of arable land is irrigated. Mechanisation of 0.3 hp/ha vs FAO recommendation of 1.5 hp/ha. Fertilizer usage of 20 kg/ha vs the global average of 135 kg/ha. Annual post-harvest losses of about 4060 per cent of all produce due to lack of storage.

    These losses translate to about $10 billion lost annually. Cold Storage capacity of 2 Million MT is needed but only 150,000 MT is available <5% of perishables use cold chain storage. Only 10 per cent of the output is processed locally.

    Processing capacity utilisation is below 30 per cent in many agro-processing zones. Nigeria imports over $10 billion worth of food annually. Lack of power, finance, and logistics infrastructure hampers growth, while 80 per cent+ produce is sold informally.

    Price fluctuation is up to 60 per cent seasonally; 10 per cent of farmers are linked to structured markets.

    Only 30 per cent of rural roads are in good condition. Over 80 per cent of farmers rely on low-quality, uncertified seeds, reducing crop yields by up to 30 per cent.

    Integrainium aims to address these issues by building an integrated, coordinated value chain, improving infrastructure, and facilitating regional commercial agro hubs that connect producers with local buyers and exporters.

    The roundtable will evaluate these opportunities and explore how stakeholders can align around a shared execution model.

    The Roundtable will feature thematic cohorts that will investigate captured pressure points in the crop farming value chain, including:

    Land Preparation: Breaking barriers to scalable farming; exploring solutions to input access challenges; Adopting new farm practices for improved yield (Enabled Farming); Evolving farming from subsistence to mechanised (Large Scale), to precision (Precision Farming); Harvesting & storage: managing post-harvest losses; Voices from the farm: Real stories; Preparing for exports and local sales; Unlocking capital: Structuring investments across Integraniums value chain; Integranium – the new eco-system for crop farming: Blueprint, development and communication approach.

    Each cohort led by a sector practitioner will contribute toward identifying practical ideas, scalable models and actionable insights that can inform investment structuring, programme design and execution under the Integranium initiative.

    Through thematic cohort discussions and expert-led sessions, the key takeaways from the forum will be distilled into standards and expectations of stakeholders across the value chain. These will be captured as a blueprint.

    This blueprint will drive transparency and traceability of all activities and outcomes, guiding implementation across all Integrainium projects, especially for MOFI and its champions participating in the sector.

    Dr Ogunseinde, Executive Director, Investment at MOFI, writes from Abuja